biomed eoc pltw

Biomedical Sciences

The application of the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to clinical medicine.

Processing a Crime Scene

5 parts include photography, sketch, interview, collect evidence, and examine/analyze evidence.

Forensic Entemology

The use of insects and bugs to determine when a person died

Livor Mortis

The dsicoloration of the skin due to the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body following death.

Rigor Mortis

The body becomes rigid after death due muscles tensing up from the lack of ATP, which typically causes them to relax

Algor Mortis

The temperature lost in a dead body

What is Glaister Equation used for?

The equation used to determine time of death.

What is Glaister Equation?

Control Group

The group in an experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied.

Dependent Variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested

Experiment

A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable

Forensic Science

The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law

Hypothesis

Clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment

Independent Variable

The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher

Negative Control

Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Specialized clothing or equipment, worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (as defined by OSHA)

Positive Control

Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental setup was capable of being produced

Adenine

A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base. Bonds with Thymine.

Chromsome

Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material.

Cytosine

A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base. Bonds with Guanine.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

Gel Electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel

Gene

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses

Guanine

A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base. Bonds with Cytosine

Helix

Something spiral in form

Model

A simplified version of something complex used, for example, to analyze and solve problems or make predictions

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Restriction Enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes).

Thymine

A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base. Bonds with Adenine

Autopsy

An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death

Bibliography

A document showing all the sources used to research information

Citation

A written reference to a specific work (book, article, dissertation, report, musical composition, etc.) by a particular author or creator which identifies the document in which the work may be found.

Documentation

The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

A comprehensive set of standards and practices designed to give patients specific rights regarding their personal health information.

Medical Examiner

A physician who performs an autopsy when death may be accidental or violent. He or she may also serve in some jurisdictions as the coroner.

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin

Glucose Tolerance Test

A test of the body's ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especially to detect diabetes

Homeostasis

The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions

Hormone

A product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone.; hormones are part of the endocrine system.

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

Negative Feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)

A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis.

Amino Acid

An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins.

Calorie

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

Carbohydrate

A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide.

Chemical Bond

An attractive force that holds together the atoms, ions, or groups of atoms in a molecule or compound.

Chemical Indicator

A substance (as a dye) used to show visually usually by its capacity for color change, the condition of a solution with respect to the presence of free acid or alkali or some other substance

Chemical Reaction

Chemical transformation or change; the interaction of chemical entities.

Compound

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Covalent Bond

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Dissaccharide

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.

Element

The smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms

Glucose

A monomer of carbohydrate, simple sugar.

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Lipid

One of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in water

Macromolecule

A type of giant molecule formed by joining smaller molecules which includes proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Monomer

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar

Nutrient

A substance that is needed by the body to maintain life and health

Polymer

A large molecule consisting of many repeating chemical units or molecules linked together

Polysaccharide

A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids

Hemoglobin A1c

A test that measures the level of hemoglobin A1c in the blood as a means of determining the average blood sugar concentrations for the preceding two to three months.

Hyperglycemia

An excess of sugar in the blood

Hypertonic

In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.

Isotonic

Having the same solute concentration as another solution

Hypotonic

In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a lower solute concentration.

Hypoglycemia

Abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solution

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solvent

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood hemoglobin, or in total volume

Blood Plasma

The pale yellow fluid portion of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved constituents including, sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins. Makes up the majority of your blood volume

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Any of the hemoglobin-containing cells that carry oxygen to the tissues and are responsible for the red color of vertebrate blood

Hematocrit

The percent of the volume of whole blood that is composed of red blood cells as determined by separation of red blood cells from the plasma usually by centrifugation

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Any of the blood cells that are colorless, lack hemoglobin, contain a nucleus, and include the lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These cells fight off foreign pathogens and infections.

Sickle Cell Disease

Individuals who are homozygous for the gene controlling hemoglobin S. The disease is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and by episodic blocking of blood vessels by the adherence of sickle cells to the vascular endothelium.

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A minute colorless anucleate disklike body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged epithelium.