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Independent variable
The factor that the experimenter manipulates in an experiment.
Dependent variable
The factor that the experimenter measures in an experiment.
Control group
A group that does not receive the treatment or manipulation in an experiment.
Experimental group
One or more groups that receive the treatment or manipulation in an experiment.
Constants (controlled variables)
Variables that remain the same across both the control group and experimental group(s) to prevent influencing the results.
Dimensional analysis
A method for converting units by using conversion factors.
Percent change formula
(Final value - Initial value) / Initial value x 100.
Watershed
Land area that drains into a body of water.
El Nino
A climate pattern that occurs every 3-7 years, characterized by warm sea surface waters in the Pacific Ocean.
La Nina
A climate phenomenon characterized by cooler ocean temperatures in the Pacific, stronger trade winds, and increased upwelling.
Tragedy of the Commons
The overuse of a shared, common resource that leads to depletion.
Clearcutting
The removal of all trees in a specific location, with various negative impacts on the environment.
Green Revolution
A movement towards large-scale, mechanized farming aimed at increasing crop production.
Nonpoint sources of pollution
Pollution that cannot be traced back to a single point, often accumulating from multiple sources over a wide area.
Eutrophication
The excessive growth of aquatic vegetation due to nutrient runoff leading to decreased oxygen levels in water.
Bioaccumulation
The build-up of toxins within a single organism over time.
Biomagnification
The increasing concentration of toxins as they move up through the food chain.
