Biology High Yield Information

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Atom

Single unit made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, due to electron interactions

Macromolecules

large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together

Ionic Bonds

Transfer of e- from one atom to another atom of very different electronegativity

Covalent Bonds

Sharing of e- between atoms of similar electronegativities

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom of F, O, or N

All of the following are true regarding protein denaturation EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

part of the denature proteins biological function is retained

3 multiple choice options

Which germ layer forms most of the peripheral nervous system?

Ectoderm

3 multiple choice options

DNA is composed of each of the following types of bonds

Hydrogen

Covalent

Phosphodiester

Van der Waals

What layer covers the surface of cortical bone?

Periosteum

What layer covers the cancellous bone?

Endosteum

Which one of the following phyla are deuterostomes?

Echinodermata

What is the function of lysosomes?

Break down substances through hydrolysis. They also carry out autophagy and apoptosis

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

stores, modifies, and packages proteins (mail room)

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Contain enzymes that function in detoxification and produce hydrogen peroxide

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Produce ATP for cellular respiration. Beta oxidation

The secretion of which hormone would be expected to decrease following surgical removal of the posterior pituitary gland?

vasopressin

The following hormones, vasopressin, or, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and oxytocin are location where?

Posterior pituitary

The following hormones, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH are located where?

Anterior pituitary

Down syndrome is a condition caused when nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I. What gametes would be produced from this condition?

Two gamete will lack chromosome #21 and two would have an extra copy

3 multiple choice options

What produces and secretes a hormone responsible for decreasing blood calcium levels?

Thyroid

The role of the collecting duct in the nephron of the kidney involves __________.

Sodium reabsorption in response to aldosterone

In order for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the following conditions must be met:

• No Natural Selection

• No Mutations

• No gene flow (the population is isolated from others)

• Large populations (decreases the effect of genetic drift)

• Random Mating

The immune system is used to help the body fight off infections from foreign invaders. What cells are the most abundant and the first to attack foreign infectious agents?

Neutrophils

Which of the following organisms is most abundant in a prairie biome?

Grass

3 multiple choice options

Which of the following describes a gastrula in embryonic development?

Embryo consisting of three germ layers

What is the best measure of fitness?

Number of fertile offspring that reach reproductive age

In organisms such as birds and reptiles, the yolk sac contains nourishing yolk. However, in humans, the yolk sac serves a different purpose. Which of the following is its purpose in humans?

First site of red blood cell synthesis

Sarcomeres are made up of all of the following components

Thick filaments

Think Filaments

A and I band

H zone

Z and M line

A defect in which structure of a plant would prevent an ovule from being produced?

Pistal

3 multiple choice options

What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction?

DNA Replication

The blood type with the lowest chance of causing a transfusion reaction when donated is __________.

Type O

An earthquake demolishes a rabbit population, and the remaining population has shorter ears on average than the initial population. If short ears are genetically determined, what has this rabbit population experienced?

Bottleneck effect

What is natural selection?

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Which of the following triggers menstruation?

Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels

Components of the Modern Cell Theory

-All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

-Cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization in all organisms.

-All cells come from preexisting, living cells.

-Cells carry hereditary information.

Failure to produce bile would result in an inability to properly process which of the following substances?

Fat

Bile is produce in the __________

Liver

Bile is concentrated in the ______________

galbladder

Which of the following occurs during the formation of a peptide bond?

Production of H2O

Components of the ear

Pinna, Malleus, Cochlea, Tympanic membrane, Auricle

A blood bank accidentally mislabels all of the blood sent to a hospital. Individuals of which blood type would be unaffected no matter which type of blood they are given?

AB +

3 multiple choice options

Which embryonic layer forms the notochord?

mesoderm

The ectoderm forms

the nervous system (brain and spinal cord), integument (epidermis, hair, epithelium of the nose, mouth, and anal canal), sensory structures of the eyes, ears, nose, adrenal medulla. teeth, jaws, and bones of the skull.

The mesoderm forms

the musculoskeletal system, the circulatory system, the excretory system, the gonads, portions of the digestive and respiratory system, the notochord, the kidney, the dermis of the skin, and the adrenal cortex.

The endoderm forms

to the epithelial lining of the digestive and respiratory tract, portions of the liver, the pancreas, the gallbladder, the thyroid and parathyroid, the thymus, and the lining of the urinary bladder.

The weight of newborns in a population was observed over time. Initially, the majority of babies were either very heavy or very light. Over time, the mean of the newborn weight did not change but less heavy and light babies were born. Which form of natural selection took place?

Stabilization

Which type of genetic material is made in the nucleolus?

rRNA

During embryonic development, what develops directly above the notochord?

Neural tube

Which of the following structures is the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

What is the function of the AV node?

it adds a brief delay before sending the impulse to the bundle of His

What graphical representation shows the accumulation of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

Ecological pyramid

The pancreas releases enzymes used in digestion. Which of the following pancreatic enzymes is used to cleave peptide chains?

Chymotrypsin

_________________ are enzymes that cleave phosphodiester bonds that are found within DNA and RNA.

Nucleases

__________________ are enzymes released by both the salivary glands in the mouth and by the pancreas. They are responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates.

amylases

__________________________ is secreted as pepsinogen and converted into pepsin when in the presence of stomach acid.

Pepsin

What is apparent competition?

occurs when one predator preys on two species

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

inner mitochondrial membrane

What is gel electrophoresis?

the separation of charges molecules using an electric field

Primary oocytes remain arrested in _____________ until puberty

prophase I

Secondary oocytes remained arrested in __________________ until fertilization occurs

metaphase II

What is transduction?

occurs when bacteriophages virus transfer DNA between different bacterial cells

Where is blood pressure the highest?

arteries

Where is blood pressure the lowest

veins

Prokaryotes, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in the ______________

cytosol

Eukaryotes transcription occurs in the _____________

Nucleus

Eukaryotes translation occurs in the _____________

cytoplasm

What is the function of bundle of his?

send signals to the purknje fibers

What is the function of purknje fibers?

coordinate contraction of the ventricles

What is the function of auxins?

cell growth

What is the function of gibberlins?

prevent seed dormancy

What is the function of abscisic acid?

promote seed dormancy, inhibit growth, and close stomata

What parts consist of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum

Many ______________ can be classified as extremophiles, in which they are able to live in extreme heat

archaeans

What is the deepest layer of the skin and contain melanocyte and Merkel cells?

Stratum Basale

What role does microtubule shortening play?

the cells ability to separate genetic material during the M phase

What cycle is majority of the cell cycle spent?

Interphase

What does the G1 check point check for?

for the need to divide based on size, nutrients, and growth factors

What is the primary function of parafollicular cells?

secrete calcitonin, which is a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.

_________ is located in the cytosol and opens calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum, increasing calcium levels

IP3

How does yeast reproduce?

budding

How does prokaryotes reproduce?

binary fission

What are some characteristics of Gram positive?

purple, thick, teichoic acid

What are some characteristics of Gram negative?

pink, thin, second outer cell membrane, lipopolysaccharides

What is DNA Microarray?

uses fluorescent probes to identify which genes are being expressed in an organism

Dermis layers from superficial to deep

Epidermis - Dermis - Hypodermis

3 multiple choice options

Both _____________ anaerobes and __________________ anaerobes live in the large intestine

facultative , obligate

C4 photosynthesis, CO2 is first converted into

oxaloacetate

In chordates, the neural tube develops into the ___________

spinal cord

The ___________is the layer that covers the lungs and provides cushion

pleura

What is the liquid substance that reduces surface tension?

pulmonary surfactant

A longer loop of hence produces more concentrated urine due to increased. This leads to what?

a increase in osmolarity gradient

What are some lymphocytes?

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

What is conjugation?

a direct transfer from one live bacterium to another

Which hormone results in the natural of sperm. It also stimulates follicle development in ovaries and induces estrogen

FSH

Which hormone stimulates leydig cells in testes, promotes testosterone production and triggers the release of mature sperm. It also promotes corpus luteum formation, and triggers ovulation.

LH

_____________ would cause a increase in sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct.

aldosterone

Gap junction are only present in _________

animals

_________________ provide support from stress and connects intermediate filaments

desmosomes

what do adherent junctions connect to?

actin microfilaments