APWH Unit 3 Vocab

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644

Manchu

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire.

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries.

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

Emperor Qianlong

emperor who refused to open more trading ports to Europe.

Gutenberg Printing Press

Used to spread ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance; First document printed was the Bible; Led to the growth of literacy

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Ottoman Empires

Empire replaced by turkey after WWI

Shah

Persian word for king

Safavid Empire

Shia Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia between 16th and 18th centuries.

Mughal Empire

a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s

Castes

social groups into which people are born and which can rarely be changed

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

First absolute tsar of Russia who crushed the boyars, giving him a nasty reputation

Tamerlane (Timur)

Turkic/Mongol leader that took over India in the late 1300s adding it to a vast Central Asia empire; attempted to emulate Genghis Khan, but empire was short lived

Suleiman the Magnificent

Great Ottoman leader, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law.

Ismail

this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran, The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he created many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Akbar

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

English Bill of Rights

1689 laws protecting the rights of English subjects and Parliament

Intendants

official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

Louis XIV

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Romanov Dynasty

Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars.

Peter the Great

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Devshirme

Ottoman policy of taking boys from Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Janissaries

Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Edo

Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

this man established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years

Period of Great Peace

The Tokugawa Shogunate created this period in Japan known as the Edo Period by adopting a policy of isolation

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that isolated it from foreign influences

Askia the Great

Muslim ruler who led Songhai to the height of its power

Shah Jahan

Built the Taj Mahal

Tax Farmers (France)

Individuals who collected taxes on behalf of the monarchy in France, often leading to exploitation and social unrest.

Zamindar

a landowner, especially one who leases his land to tenant farmers.

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Versailles

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Boyars

Russian nobles

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Anne Boleyn

the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor

Phillip II

King of Spain, married to Queen Mary I of England; he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westpahlia.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Inquisition

a Church court set up to try people accused of heresy

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

95 Thesis

Religious thinker Martin Luther pinned this document to the door of a church, in protest to many church practices but especially indulgences.

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination

Protestant Reformation

It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Anglican Church

Church of England

Shari'ah

Islamic law

Sikhism

a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.