Cell organelles

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Protoplasm

The material that makes up all living things.
made of ordinary elements, such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen.
Protoplasm forms the basic unit structure and function in all living things... THE CELL

Cell

Basic unit of life

cell wall

human cells do not have a cell wall. Bacteria cells do. Each bacterium
either is either gram-positive or gram-negative. Antibiotics target specific types. This
does not harm human cells since humans do not have cell walls.

cell membrane

the outer protective covering of the cell.

Cytoplasm

semi-fluid inside the cell. Contains water, proteins, lipids (fats),
carbohydrates, minerals, salts. The site for all chemical reactions in the cell.
Organelles are located in the cytoplasm.

nuclear membrane

structure that surrounds the nucleus

Nucleus

the largest organelle and the "brain" of the cell - it controls many cell
activities and is important in cell division and DNA replication

Centrioles

cylindrical-shaped organelle that plays a role in cell division, which each
pair in the cell making sure to divide the chromosomes equally to the cells that
result from the reproduction process

Peroxisomes

organelle in the cytoplasm that contains enzymes

Flagellum

tail-like appendage that allows the cell to move in a swimming-like
motion. Ex. sperm cell to help it move toward the egg

Ribosomes

contributes to protein synthesis from amino acids. Supports the protein
chains as ribonucleic acid (RNA) builds them.

Mitochondria

rod-shaped throughout the cytoplasm. Known as the
"powerhouse" of the cell because it produces energy

Golgi apparatus

a stack of membrane layers in the cytoplasm. Produces, stores,
and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of tubules in cytoplasm. Allows for the transport
of material into and out of the nucleus. Rough ER contains ribosomes for protein
synthesis. Smooth ER does not - assists with fat metabolism

Cilia

hair-like projections hat help move substances through various tracts and
paths in the body. Ex. in respiratory tract, fallopian tubes

Lysosomes

oval or round bodies in cytoplasm. Contain
digestive enzymes that digests and destroys old cells, bacteria,
and foreign materials

Pinocytic vesicle

pocket like folds in the cell membrane.
Allows large molecules such as proteins and fats to enter the
cell

microorganism

Any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size.

Aerobes

microorganisms that require
oxygen to live

Anaerobes

microorganisms that live in an
environment with little to no oxygen

Bacteria

Simple one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly

cocci

round, spherical. In pairs, they are known as diplococci.
Diplococci causes the diseases gonorrhea, meningitis, pneumonia.

Streptococcus

chains. Causes strep throat, rheumatic fever

Staphylococci

clusters, groups (bunches of grapes). This is the most
common pus producing organism. Boils, wound infections, toxic shock

Bracilli

Rod-shaped in single, pairs or chains

Spirilla

Spiral or corkscrew appearance

antibiotics

Used to kill bacteria,
but sometimes are
resistant

Protozoa

- One celled animal-like organism
- Found in contaminated water
-Have flagella attached which allows it to swim
-Diseases: malaria, amoebic dysentery, trichomonas

Fungi

- Plant-like organisms that live on dead organic matter
-Yeasts, molds
- Weakened immune systems are more vulnerable
- Diseases: ringworm, athlete's foot, yeast vaginitis, thrush
- Can be useful by producing antibiotics

Parasites

-an organism that lives in or on another
organism (its host) and benefits by deriving
nutrients at the host's expense
-Lice, bed bugs, scabies (pediculosis) and pinworms
(helminths)

viruses

-Smallest microorganisms, visible only in an electron
microscope.
- Can not reproduce unless they are INSIDE another living
cell (parasite)
-Very difficult to kill - takes control of host cell
-Diseases: cold, measles, mumps, chicken pox, herpes,
warts, influenza, polio, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, AIDS