AP Psychology- Unit 3: development and learning

concrete stage of cognitive development

7-12 yrs

able to grasp conversations

track changes more easily

recognize that some properties will change

reverseability- ability to see that actions can be reversed

Erik Erikson's theory of development assumes what about the development at all stages

each stage has a crisis that needs to be resolved

formal stage of cognitive development

12 yrs (solidifies)

reasoning ability expands

concrete and abstract thinking

use symbols and imagined realities to reason through ideas

can think through hypothetical situations and consequences

gender roles/stereotypes develop as a result of

societal norms and environmental factors

in pavlovs experiment what was the conditioned response

dog salivating

in pavlovs experiment what was the conditioned stimulus

sound

in pavlovs experiment what was the unconditioned response

dog salivating

in pavlovs experiment what was the unconditioned stimulus

food

kohlbergs conventional morality

caring for others, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake. early adolescence

kohlbergs postconventional morality

affirms rights and ethics; adolescents

kohlbergs preconventional morality

self-interest, engaging in morality to avoid punishment/gain reward; 0-8 yrs

lawrence kohlberg therory focused on what

stages of moral development

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation experiment focused on what

attachment

preoperational stage of cognitive development

2-6/7 years

can't perform mental operations

symbolism- can recognize that a small item can represent a larger item

conservation (lack)- ability to recognize quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

animism: believe that inanimate objects have thoughts and feelings

artificialism- idea that natural phenomena are created by mankind

egocentrism- believe they are the center of the world

punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when…

it occurs ASAP after the behavior, strong enough, occurring every time the behavior happens, consistent

sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

birth to 2 yrs

take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, and grasping

learn by their actions they can make things happen

lack object permanence

the "little albert" study demonstrated…

fear can be conditioned in humans

the terms "modeling" and "imitation" are most closely associated with which of the following?

social learning theory

what are gender roles

societies expectations of typical male and female roles

what are mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that are active while performing a task or engaging in observational learning

what are morphemes

smallest unit in a language that has meaning

what are phonemes

smallest distinctive sound unit

what are primary sex characteristics

needed for reproduction ex. ovaries and testies

what are secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive features ex. breasts, and hips for women, deep voice and body hair for guys

what are semantics

set of rules where we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences

what crisis needs to be solved for adolescence

identity vs. role diffusion; connecting skills and social roles

what crisis needs to be solved for elementary schoolers

industry vs. inferiority; absorbed in skills and tasks: technology

what crisis needs to be solved for infants

trust vs. mistrust; trusting their mom and the environment

what crisis needs to be solved for late adults

integrity vs. despair; accepting the end, achieving wisdom and dignity

what crisis needs to be solved for middle adults

generativity vs. stagnation; needed to be needed

what crisis needs to be solved for preschoolers

initiative vs. guilt; planning action, on the move

what crisis needs to be solved for toddlers

autonomy vs. shame and doubt; desire to make choices, self-control

what crisis needs to be solved for young adults

intimacy vs. isolation; committing to another person

what did harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show

showed that monkeys prefer the love and comfort of a mother over nutrients. contradicted the idea that attachment is correlated with physical nutrients

what does the authoritarian parenting style result in

less social skills, and low self esteem

what does the authoritative parenting style result in

higher self esteem, self-reliance, and social competence

what does the permissive parenting style result in

increased levels of aggression and immaturity

what is a cognitive map

mental representations of the layout of one's environment

what is a conditioned response

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

what is a conditioned stimulus

originally a neural stimulus that , after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

what is a continuous reinforcement schedule

occurs consistently after a behavior

what is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule

reinforcement after a fixed time

what is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

reinforced after every "nth" behavior

what is a neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not naturally cause a response

what is a primary reinforcer

directly related to physical condition ex. food

what is a secondary reinforcer

learned reinforcer that is tied to a primary reinforcer ex. money to buy food

what is a variable interval reinforcement schedule

reinforcement after a random amount of time

what is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule

reinforcement after a random number of behaviors ex. slot machine

what is acquisition

the initial learning, when NS takes CR place

what is an example of telegraphic speech

I hungry

what is an unconditioned response

the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

what is an unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally triggers a response

what is classical conditioning

focuses on two stimuli that you associate together

what is conservation

the ability to recognize quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

what is delayed reinforcement

occurs after time has passed

what is discrimination

ability to distinguish between a conditioned response and other stimuli

what is extinction

after classical conditioning: a CS must be reinforced with US or it will deteriorate over time

what is generalization

tendency to respond to a similar stimulus with the conditioned response. similar to conditioned response, not the exact same

what is habituation

repeated exposure to a stimulus results in a decrease in response

what is higher order conditioning

pairing a CS with another NS, resulting in CR. New NS becomes a new, weaker, CR

what is immediate reinforcement

occurs immediately after a behavior

what is latent learning

learning is not demonstrated when it occurs. learn behavior when you see it but never display it

what is learned helplessness

expectation that future events will be outside of one's control

what is modeling

watching and imitating others

what is negative punishment

take away a desirable stimulus

what is negative reinforcement

taking away something you don't like as a reward

what is object permanence

objects are out of sight but not out of mind

what is observational learning

the type of leaning in which behaviors are learned by observing a model (same as social learning)

what is operant conditioning

response and its consequences through reinforcement

what is overjustification

intrinsic motivation decreases when a behavior is required for an external reward

what is positive punishment

adds an aversive stimulus, give you something you don't want

what is positive reinforcement

when new behaviors add positive consequences, adding desirable stimuli

what is problem-focused coping

alleviating stress by approaching the stressor directly

what is punishment

when new behaviors add negative consequences

what is shaping

guiding small behaviors through rewards to get to the desired outcome ex. giving a child treats when potty training

what is social learning

behaviors are learned by observing a model

what is spontaneous recovery

a conditioned response spontaneously comes back after a test period

what is syntax

set of rules for placing words into grammatically correct sentences

what is taste aversion

learn to associate a stimulus with an aversive effect and therefore avoiding that stimulus

what is the authoritarian parenting style

parents impose rules and expect obedience

what is the authoritative parenting style

parents set rules and enforce them but are still responsive and will make exceptions

what is the babinkski refelx

babies spread their toes when the bottom of their foot is touched

what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

classical involves the formation of association between two stimuli and operant conditioning involves the formation of associations between responses and their consequences