From Renaissance to Baroque
Baroque era started âin 1600.â Was initially an insult but opera marks the beginning of the Baroque period
Characteristics of Baroque music
chromatic harmonies, no longer h8ers of dissonance
Doctrine of the affections
6 states of mind caused by different humors. They are impacted by outside factors and control your states of mind.
Prima Practica
Monteverdi wrote about two practices, this is the first one. Dissonance sends you to hell. Inspiration from Zarlino Le institution harmoniche or the renaissance music bible.
Seconda Practica
Monteverdi wrote about two practices, this is the second one. Basically, itâs okay to break the rules if the text says itâs alright.
Basso Seguente
Composers started added organ parts to reinforce bass lines and harmonies. Doubling the lowest sounding pitch.
basso continuo
Independent melody line in addition to the organ
figured bass
shorthand to fill in harmonies
Concertato principle
Something that is concerted brings different instruments and voices together in one ensemble. Anything concerted is a concerto. One unified piece
Chords, counterpoint, rhythm
music became harmonically based. Vertical alignment of tunes became just as important as the horizontal melody line
Embellishment & improvisation
Performers rarely sang what was on the page it was important to know how to do these things
Renaissance antecedents of opera
Most simple definition of opera is âstory told through music.â Renaissance had some things mirroring this including intermedio/pastoral dramas
Intermedio/ intermedii
musical entertainment in between acts of a play. sometimes large enough to tell story in itself. Think intermission
pastoral drama
told stories about rural life with dialog in verse along with music and songs
Greek tragedy
often the inspiration for pastoral dramas. juicy stuff.
Florentine Camerata
Second half 16th century educated man club meeting in Florence. Club name was Camerata. They imposed the question âwhy is greek drama so effective in moving an audience.â They proposed that it was bc it is sung and not spoken.
V Galilei
Member of the camerata. Proposed new style of music which is voice with simple accompaniment like lute or organ. Created monody.
Monody
Style of music created by Galilei. Voice accompanied with lute or organ.
Le nuove musiche
Caccini is a Composer of the Camarata. Wrote le nuove musiche or a book of new music. It is one of the most influential books of the baroque period stating counterpoint interferes with text.
Caccini
Wrote Le Nuove Musiche or book of new music.
âVedro âl mio solâ
Published in Le Nuove Musiche. Written by Caccini. Voice and basso continuo. Monody
The first operas
Script of an opera is called a libretto or book.
Rinuccini & Peri
Tag team. Ottavio Rinucci wrote the libretto. Jacopo Peri wrote music. Together they wrote Darne (a pastoral drama) and LâEuridice
LâEuridice excerpts
Written for a royal wedding. First opera to survive in tact. Rinucci and Peri
Recitative
Style of singing half way in between speech and song. Faster than song, slower than speech. Not exactly a pattern.
Monteverdi
Italian composer. Wrote a lot of shit like the two practices and LâOrfeo. Transitional composer, helped develop opera. Maestro DiâCapella or choirmaster.
LâOrfeo excerpts
Written by Monteverdi. First masterpiece opera in 1607. Idiomatic instruments for specific purposes (trombones are regal.)
\n L'incoronazione di Poppea
Written by Monteverdi. Popular opera with stories from roman emperors.
The Spread of Italian Opera
Northern composers went down to Italy to figure out how italian composers were doing what they were doing and then took this back home
Florence
Opera hotspot tbh. Not exactly sure what he wants here as half the terms involve the city of florence. Just know that florence matters i guess.
Francesca Caccini
Italian composer and musician. Og Cacciniâs daughter.
Rome (characteristics)
Recitative and aria style of singing is more profound.
Recitative
Word vomit.
Aria
More song like
Venice (characteristics)
Opened the first public opera house. This means opera is no longer just aristocratic. Venice became the center for opera bc of this. Also put emphasis on solo singing bc it is what the people wanted.
La Calisto \n
Opera by F. Cavalli. Established recitative and aria pattern. Followed mythological story of Callisto.
Vocal Chamber Music
Concertato principal applied to this. Voices brought together in one harmonious ensemble.
Secular concerted works
Contained different vocal/ instrumental groups. They worked together to create music.
Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda
Concerted madrigal by Monteverdi. Contained soloists, continuo group, and a small ensemble.
Ostinato bass
Repeating bass patterns. Think laments, grief, SADNESS
\n Ciaccona
Work based on repeating pattern. Often paired with basso ostinato. Ciaccona is french term for this. Chaconne is the same thing but french term.
"Zefiro torna"
A concerted madrigal by Monteverdi
Cantata
Small chamber pieces using style sung in aria. Sung solo voice with continuo
âLagrime mieâ
By Barbara Strozzi. Soprano and basso continuo. Example of a cantata.
Catholic Sacred Music
Both primo practica (stile antico) and seconda practica (stile moderno).
Large Sacred Concerto
Large scale elaborate music from churches that could afford it during feast days. Polychoral concertos or concerted motets. Popular in Venice and church of st mark.
Small Sacred Concerto
Smaller scale music. Several soloists, minimal instruments. Typically an instrumental solo like violin.
âIn ecclesiis
By Gabrieli. Is a polychoral, large, sacred concerto. Chamber choir (one on part), large choir for refrain, instrumental choir, and organ basso continuo.
Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich
Lutheran large sacred concerto by Heinrich Shutz. soloists, two choirs of singers, organ and bassoon basso continuo
O quam tu pulchra esâ
Taken from song of Solomon. Considered to be allegory. Small sacred concerto written by Grandi
Oratorio
Developed from motet or sacred concerto. Told biblical stories. Got popular and more elaborate and had to be performed in prayer rooms called oratorios.
Testo/ Historicus narrators
Narrator of oratorio. Testo testifies. Historicus is a historian
Jephte
Oratorio written by Giacomo Carissimi
Heinrich SchĂŒtz
Studied under Gabrieli. Composed music combining German and Italian. Kleine geistliche Konzerte is his book of small sacred concertos.
Kleine geistliche Konzerte
Book of small sacred concertos by Heinrich Shutz
Toccata
Comes from term meaning âto touch.â Warmup for the fingies and to get in tune. Often followed by another piece of music.
Instrumental music
Became more popular in the first half of the 17th century. Began to stray away from vocal models. How to create structure w/o text? less point of imitation
Toccata No. 3
Toccata by Frescobaldi
Ricercare
Instrumental work modeled after the motet. Changed to the term fugue bc the term ricercar was lame despite slookinglike race car.
Ricercare dopo il Credo
Ricercare by Frescobaldi
Subject
Only one of these, points, or motives throughout an instrumental piece because the lack of words creates redundancies.
Sonata
Dividing a work into different sections. Sections became movements. Something played rather than sung. Word from cantata. One instrument plus continuo
Canzona
Instrumental work based off of chanson. Canzona has different sections with different tempos.
Sonata IV
Marini, per il violino solo per sonar con duo corde
Dance music (suite)
Both intended for dancing and stylized dances intended for listening. In binary form || A || || B ||
German Plan
[prelude], allemande, courante, sarabande, [optional], gigue (d scott said know this shit btw) pacsog