History 2 Unit 1

From Renaissance to Baroque

Baroque era started “in 1600.” Was initially an insult but opera marks the beginning of the Baroque period

Characteristics of Baroque music

chromatic harmonies, no longer h8ers of dissonance

Doctrine of the affections

6 states of mind caused by different humors. They are impacted by outside factors and control your states of mind.

Prima Practica

Monteverdi wrote about two practices, this is the first one. Dissonance sends you to hell. Inspiration from Zarlino Le institution harmoniche or the renaissance music bible.

Seconda Practica

Monteverdi wrote about two practices, this is the second one. Basically, it’s okay to break the rules if the text says it’s alright.

Basso Seguente

Composers started added organ parts to reinforce bass lines and harmonies. Doubling the lowest sounding pitch.

basso continuo

Independent melody line in addition to the organ

figured bass

shorthand to fill in harmonies

Concertato principle

Something that is concerted brings different instruments and voices together in one ensemble. Anything concerted is a concerto. One unified piece

Chords, counterpoint, rhythm

music became harmonically based. Vertical alignment of tunes became just as important as the horizontal melody line

Embellishment & improvisation

Performers rarely sang what was on the page it was important to know how to do these things

Renaissance antecedents of opera

Most simple definition of opera is “story told through music.” Renaissance had some things mirroring this including intermedio/pastoral dramas

Intermedio/ intermedii

musical entertainment in between acts of a play. sometimes large enough to tell story in itself. Think intermission

pastoral drama

told stories about rural life with dialog in verse along with music and songs

Greek tragedy

often the inspiration for pastoral dramas. juicy stuff.

Florentine Camerata

Second half 16th century educated man club meeting in Florence. Club name was Camerata. They imposed the question “why is greek drama so effective in moving an audience.” They proposed that it was bc it is sung and not spoken.

V Galilei

Member of the camerata. Proposed new style of music which is voice with simple accompaniment like lute or organ. Created monody.

Monody

Style of music created by Galilei. Voice accompanied with lute or organ.

Le nuove musiche

Caccini is a Composer of the Camarata. Wrote le nuove musiche or a book of new music. It is one of the most influential books of the baroque period stating counterpoint interferes with text.

Caccini

Wrote Le Nuove Musiche or book of new music.

“Vedro ‘l mio sol”

Published in Le Nuove Musiche. Written by Caccini. Voice and basso continuo. Monody

The first operas

Script of an opera is called a libretto or book.

Rinuccini & Peri

Tag team. Ottavio Rinucci wrote the libretto. Jacopo Peri wrote music. Together they wrote Darne (a pastoral drama) and L’Euridice

L’Euridice excerpts

Written for a royal wedding. First opera to survive in tact. Rinucci and Peri

Recitative

Style of singing half way in between speech and song. Faster than song, slower than speech. Not exactly a pattern.

Monteverdi

Italian composer. Wrote a lot of shit like the two practices and L’Orfeo. Transitional composer, helped develop opera. Maestro Di’Capella or choirmaster.

L’Orfeo excerpts

Written by Monteverdi. First masterpiece opera in 1607. Idiomatic instruments for specific purposes (trombones are regal.)

\n L'incoronazione di Poppea

Written by Monteverdi. Popular opera with stories from roman emperors.

The Spread of Italian Opera

Northern composers went down to Italy to figure out how italian composers were doing what they were doing and then took this back home

Florence

Opera hotspot tbh. Not exactly sure what he wants here as half the terms involve the city of florence. Just know that florence matters i guess.

Francesca Caccini

Italian composer and musician. Og Caccini’s daughter.

Rome (characteristics)

Recitative and aria style of singing is more profound.

Recitative

Word vomit.

Aria

More song like

Venice (characteristics)

Opened the first public opera house. This means opera is no longer just aristocratic. Venice became the center for opera bc of this. Also put emphasis on solo singing bc it is what the people wanted.

La Calisto \n

Opera by F. Cavalli. Established recitative and aria pattern. Followed mythological story of Callisto.

Vocal Chamber Music

Concertato principal applied to this. Voices brought together in one harmonious ensemble.

Secular concerted works

 Contained different vocal/ instrumental groups. They worked together to create music.

Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda

Concerted madrigal by Monteverdi. Contained soloists, continuo group, and a small ensemble.

Ostinato bass

Repeating bass patterns. Think laments, grief, SADNESS

\n Ciaccona

Work based on repeating pattern. Often paired with basso ostinato. Ciaccona is french term for this. Chaconne is the same thing but french term.

"Zefiro torna"

A concerted madrigal by Monteverdi

Cantata

Small chamber pieces using style sung in aria. Sung solo voice with continuo

“Lagrime mie”

By Barbara Strozzi. Soprano and basso continuo. Example of a cantata.

Catholic Sacred Music

Both primo practica (stile antico) and seconda practica (stile moderno).

Large Sacred Concerto

Large scale elaborate music from churches that could afford it during feast days. Polychoral concertos or concerted motets. Popular in Venice and church of st mark.

Small Sacred Concerto

Smaller scale music. Several soloists, minimal instruments. Typically an instrumental solo like violin.

“In ecclesiis

By Gabrieli. Is a polychoral, large, sacred concerto. Chamber choir (one on part), large choir for refrain, instrumental choir, and organ basso continuo.

*Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich*

Lutheran large sacred concerto by Heinrich Shutz. soloists, two choirs of singers, organ and bassoon basso continuo

O quam tu pulchra es”

Taken from song of Solomon. Considered to be allegory. Small sacred concerto written by Grandi

Oratorio

Developed from motet or sacred concerto. Told biblical stories. Got popular and more elaborate and had to be performed in prayer rooms called oratorios.

Testo/ Historicus narrators

Narrator of oratorio. Testo testifies. Historicus is a historian

Jephte

Oratorio written by Giacomo Carissimi

Heinrich Schütz

Studied under Gabrieli. Composed music combining German and Italian. *Kleine geistliche Konzerte is his book of small sacred concertos.*

*Kleine geistliche Konzerte*

Book of small sacred concertos by Heinrich Shutz

Toccata

Comes from term meaning “to touch.” Warmup for the fingies and to get in tune. Often followed by another piece of music.

Instrumental music

Became more popular in the first half of the 17th century. Began to stray away from vocal models. How to create structure w/o text? less point of imitation

Toccata No. 3

Toccata by Frescobaldi

Ricercare

Instrumental work modeled after the motet. Changed to the term fugue bc the term ricercar was lame despite slookinglike race car.

Ricercare dopo il Credo

Ricercare by Frescobaldi

Subject

Only one of these, points, or motives throughout an instrumental piece because the lack of words creates redundancies.

Sonata

Dividing a work into different sections. Sections became movements. Something played rather than sung. Word from cantata. One instrument plus continuo

Canzona

Instrumental work based off of chanson. Canzona has different sections with different tempos.

Sonata IV

Marini, per il *violino* solo per sonar con *duo corde*

Dance music (suite)

Both intended for dancing and stylized dances intended for listening. In binary form || A || || B ||

German Plan

**[prelude], allemande, courante, sarabande, [optional], gigue (d scott said know this shit btw) pacsog**