Chapter 4 - The Human Body: An Orientation

cell membrane

outer covering of the cell

nucleus

central portion of the cell and directs all cell activities

cytoplasm

the substance surrounding the nucleus that instructs cells to perform various essential tasks, such as movement and reproduction

muscle

tissue is able to contract and expand, allowing the body to move

connective

the fibrous substance that holds and connects body parts together

connective tissue exmaples

bones, ligaments, tendons

tissue

any group of cells the work together to perform a single function

four types of tissues

connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve

epithelial

tissue that covers the internal and external body surfaces

epithelial tissue examples

skin and internal organs

system

group of organs that work together to perform one of the body’s major functions

integumentary system

a system that consists of the skin and the accessory structures derived from it

integumentary system examples

hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

musculoskeletal

the system that supports the body, protects organs, provides body movement

musculoskeletal examples

muscles, bones, cartilage

cardiovascular system

the system includes the heart and blood vessels, which pump and transport blood throughout the body, carrying nutrients to and removing waste from tissues

respiratory system

body system that includes the lungs and airways and performs breathing

nervous system

regulates most body activities and sends and receives messages from the sensory organs

nervous system examples

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

urinary system

this system includes kidneys, uterus, bladders, and urethra

reproductive system

controls reproduction and heredity and is either male or female

blood system

includes blood and all its components

lymphatic and immune system

includes lymph, glands, and vessels of the immune system; nonspecific and specific defense

digestive system

include organs that digest and excrete waste

endocrine system

system that includes the glands that secrete the hormones that regulate many of the body’s activities

sensory system

covers the eyes and ears and those parts of other systems that are involved in reactions of the five senses

body cavities

spaces that hold organs

two main cavities

dorsal and ventral

dorsal cavity

includes cranial and spinal cavity

ventral cavity

includes thoracic and abdominal cavity

thoracic cavity

holds the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels

abdominal cavity

holds the organs of the digestive and urinary systems

diaphragm

the muscle that separates. the thoracic and abdominal cavities

pelvic cavity

the bottom portion of the abdominal cavity, contains reproductive system

anter/o

near or toward the front side, ventral

poster/o

near or toward the back side, behind, dorsal

ventr/o

near or toward the front side

dors/o

near or toward the back side

medi/o

middle

super/o

above

infer/o

below

proxim/o

near or at point of attachment

dist/o

far or away from point of attachment

deep

through or away from the surface

superficial

at or near the surface

supine

facing upward

prone

lying on abdomen, face down

frontal/coronal plane

imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior positions

midsagittal plane

the imaginary line that divides the body into equal right and left halves

transverse (cross-sectional) plane

imaginary line that intersects the body horizontally and divides the body into the upper and lower sections

sagittal/lateral plane

parallel to the medial plane and divides the body into left and right

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

area of the abdomen that contains parts of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and intestinal tract

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

the abdominal area that contains parts of the intestines and parts of the reproductive organs in females

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

area of the abdomen that contains the stomach, spleen, and parts of liver, pancreas and intestines

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

the abdominal area that contains the appendix, parts of the intestines, and parts of reproductive organs in females

lumbar

left and right regions of the body in the back and sides between the lowest ribs and the pelvis

iliac/inguinal regions

two regions near the upper portion of the hip bone

epigastric

area above the stomach

hypogastric

below the umbilical region

umbilical

surrounding navel region

hypochondriac

two regions just below the cartilage of the ribs, immediately over the abdomen

AP

anteroposterior (front to back)

lat

lateral