Nutrition Module 4: Macromolecules

What are proteins made of?

Amino Acids (monomers)

Proteins are ____ of amino acids

Polymers

Amino acids are connected in a chain in a specific order based on what?

DNA instructions

The order and length of the amino acid chain is called ____.

Polypeptide

What does a polypeptide determine? (Two things)

Function and shape

Misshappen proteins cause _____.

Diseases

What do proteins do? (BE HAT IS THE MNEMONIC)

Building blocks

Enzymes

Hormones

Antibodies

Transporters

Why do we need protein?

To get amino acids to build proteins

What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids?

Essential= must eat

Nonessential= body makes

What do PDCASS scores describe?

Protein quality

What does PDCASS measure?

Digestibility and amino acid content

What is an ideal PDCASS?

1 is best

What is the difference between gluten intolerance and Celiac disease?

Gluten intolerance= discomfort

Celiac disease= autoimmune (damages intestine)

According to USDA, what is the total energy intake from proteins? What is the max?

10-20%, 35%

High protein diets have been linked to what type of health issues? (3)

Kidney stones

Heart disease

Cancer

What people require more protein? (3 groups of people)

Kids

Pregnant/lactating

Athletes

What is placentophagy?

Eating placenta

What are the risks of placentophagy?

Linked to infections (B strep)

What are prions?

Misfolded proteins that cause disease

What is Mad cow?

Bovine spongiform observed in cows

What is Kuru?

Prion disease from cannibalism

How does someone get Creutzfeldt disease?

Spontaneous or eating mad cow

Why are lipids important? List the functions. MNEMONIC IS ME HVI”

Membrane

Energy

Hormones

Vitamins

Insulation

What are the three classes of lipids?

Phospholipids

Sterols

Triglycerides

_______ are long term energy storage molecules

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are composed of

Three fatty acid chains attached to one glycerol

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Saturated= no double bonds, solid

Unsaturated= double bonds, solid

What is the shaped of unsaturated fats? Straight or bent?

BENT

What is the shaped of saturated fats? Straight or bent?

STRAIGHT

Describe structure of trans fats.

Unsaturated fat with H atoms attached to double bond is changed

Why are trans fats bad?

Increase LDL “bad cholesterol”

Why are PUFAs essential?

Must come from diet

What are the functions of PUFAs?

Important for brain, heart, cells

What are some foods to get your omega -3? (SEA)

Salmon

Flax

Walnuts

What are some foods to get your omega -6? (SEED)

Vegetable oil

Corn oil

Sunflower oil

Omega-3 protects the _____

Heart

Describe structure of sterols

Carbon rings

How is sterols different from other lipids?

Essential to cell membrane and hormones

Where is cholesterol synthesized?

Liver

How is cholesterol transported in blood?

Lipoprotein

What is atherosclerosis?

Plaque build up in arteries which blocks blood flow

To prevent atherosclerosis, eat less ____, ___, and ___.

Meat, dairy, eggs

What is some good advice for eating healthy fats?

Eat more plant fats

What are the THREE essential hormones in the hunger/full response?

Leptin, ghrelin, GLP-1

Does ghrelin suppress or increase hunger?

Increase hunger

Does leptin suppress or increase hunger?

Suppress

GLP-1 is secreted by what organ?

Large intestine

Leptin is secreted by what?

Adipose cells

Ghrelin is secreted by what organ?

Stomach

How are carbs used in the body? (3 ways)

Energy

Cell recognition

Structure

What is the difference between LDL and HDL?

LDL= delivers cholesterol

HDL= removes cholesterol

In terms of energy, Monosaccharides function is

Quick energy

In terms of energy, Polysaccharides provide

Longer energy storage

Disaccharides are frequent ingredients in foods as ____

Sweeteners

How is lactose digested?

Lactase breaks lactose

What is the cause of lactose intolerance?

Lactase is turned off

What is the makeup of lactose?

Glucose, galactose

How does Lactose intolerance affect GI tract?

Diarrhea

What is glycemic index?

How fast food raises blood sugar

Equation to find STARCH

Carbs-sugars-fiber

Equation to find calories from carbs (2 steps)

Total carbs-fiberX 4kcal/g

What is glycemic load?

Total influence of ALL carbs in a food

What is the equation for GL?

GL= GIXg of carbs/100

How is blood sugar related?

High=insulin

Low=glucagon

What is the function of insulin?

Lower blood sugar

What is glycogen and where is it ?

Stored glucose in liver and muscle

What lowers GI?

Fiber, fat, and protein

How should those with diabetes avoid high GI/GL foods?

Eat low GI foods, avoid processed, eat more whole grains

Who should consume the following foods?

Green veggies, most fruits, raw carrots, kidney beans, and lentils

Diabetics