unit 4- Early Modern Era Culture transformations

in what part/ region of the world did Christianity begin

in the middle east- Palestine

why did the spread throughout the ancient world

Jewish diaspora following the roman destruction of Jerusalem, missionaries spread the message to Asia minor and Europe, was the official religion of the roman empire, the political chaos in Europe led to the church becoming the most important social institution

what was the great schism

when the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox formally split

when did the Great Schism occur

1054

what were the leadership positions of the 2 main branches of Christianity after the Great Schisms

the pope lead the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox would be led by a Patriarch

what four major causes led to the spread of Christianity around the world

• ride to global power of Catholic Church

• Protestant Reformation and Catholic counter reformation

• development of the printing press

• colonization of the Americas

how did the rise in prominence/ power of Spain and Portugal play a role in the global spread of Christianity

Made contact with non- Christian areas, both were ruled by devout Catholics who believed that part of their job description included spreading Christianity, mission-oriented religious orders such as the Jesuits were prominent in these countries and typically priests were on board ships of exploration/conquest, the Philippines central south America parts of china and parts of Japan became Christian though their efforts 

Geographically, where did the Protestant Reformation begin?

holy roman empire

where did martin luther teach

Wittenberg Saxony

what are indulgences

They would be bought and then it would keep the person or relative out of Purgatory

What was the name of the individual who was selling indulgences as the Pope’s representative in Germany?

Johann Tetzel

What did Martin Luther do in response to the selling of indulgences?

Posts a document called the 95 theses to the Wittenberg church door on oct. 31

How did the Pope react to Luther’s “Theses?”

the pope saw this as a direct defiance by a minor priest in a back water German town

How did the invention of Johannes Gutenberg factor into the spread of Luther’s ideas?

Was able to print the bible fast and was also able to print Martin Luther’s 95theses

What was the first book printed on the printing press using moveable type?

The bible

What does it mean to “recant?”

take back what he said withdrawal

What was the Diet of Worms?

Meeting of the leaders of the bigger states inside the Holy Roman Empire. Planned to make sure Luther renounced his beliefs, but Luther didn’t want to back down

Why was Frederick the Wise (ruler of Saxony) supportive of Luther?

The church was taking huge amounts of money from Saxony with the selling of indulgences. Ending this practice would make him and his people richer. Luther made Wittenberg the center of European election and Fredrick looked at luther as one of his guys to he decided to protect him

What was the significance of Luther being declared an “outlaw?”  

 it meant that Luther had no legal protections and anyone helping him would become a outlaw too. 

how did luther survive after he was declared an outlaw

Fredrick of Saxony helped him to escape and hides him in one of his remote castles

What did Luther do while in hiding

He translates the bible into German, Writes various other works that condemn the Pope and develops his theology that would have sharp differences with Catholicism

sola scriptura

believed that the ONLY authoritative sources of knowledge about God, Jesus, and the way to be saved the BIBLE. Papal/ Church decrees were not on par with scripture and could be ignored

sola fide

he believed that the bible taught that it was Faith (belief that Jesus was the son of God) that brought people to salvation. Not good works not most of the sacraments

priesthood of all believers

he believed that every individual Christian interacted with God had a relationship with Jesus/ Holy Spirit. Did not need saints or priests to intervene for them

Where did the first group of Christians in western Europe who aren’t Catholics emerge?

Wittenberg  

what did the first group of Christians in western Europe call themselves

Lutherans

What violent conflict emerges from Luther’s reformation?

Peasant war (the biggest peasant rebellion in Europe)

How does Luther feel about the people behind the peasant uprising

He was appalled denounced the rebellion viciously

What are the two long term effects of the Reformation?

Europe was divided religiously where there would be the Catholic Church and the Protestant church and the Thirty Years war where the Catholics were trying to stop the spread of Protestantism

What was the name of the agreement that ended the religious fighting in the Holy Roman Empire in 1555?

The Council of Trent

What book did John Calvin write and what was his unique idea about Christianity?

Institutes on the Christian Religion – believed in predestination

Where did Calvin set up a theocratic government?

Geneva

Why does education become a concern for the leaders of European colonies in North America?

Protestants believed that everyone should be able to read the bible for themselves

Who was in line to become king of England before Henry VIII?

arthur

Why was the marriage between Arthur Tudor and Catherine of Aragon significant?

The marriage was a political alliance of major importance

What happened that ended the marriage of Arthur and Catherine

arthur dies

What did Henry VIII do to keep the alliance intact?

Married Catherine of Aragon

Why had Henry VIII been given the title “Defender of the Faith” as a young man?

he denounced the teachings of Martin Luther

When he became king, what quickly became Henry VIII’s “obsession?”

ensuring he had a male heir to the throne

Why did Henry come to believe that he would not have a male heir with Catherine?

Gods judgment on his marriage to his brothers wife was what was preventing him from having a male heir

what child did Catherin and Henry have

mary

what did henry want in order to solve the problem of catherin not giving him a son

an annulment

why did the pope refuse Henrys request of an annulment

The marriage was not a legal base for an annulment, Catherine was Charles the 5^th aunt and the pope didn’t want to anger him while the protestant reformation is happening, henry wouldn’t risk having the while nation of England excommunicated

how does henry get around the obstacle of the popes refusal

he decided to break England way from the catholic church and make his own church (Anglican church)

Who does Henry marry after he divorces Catherine of Aragon?

anne boleyn

does Anne boleyn give henry a male heir

no

What child do Henry and Anne Boleyn have who lives?

Catherine

How does Henry end his marriage to Anne?

Accuses her of adultery and has her executed for treason

Who does he marry after Anne Boleyn?

Jane Seymour

What is “unique” about jane and henrys marriage

was the only wife he actually loved and he has a son named Edward but Jane dies within weeks after he is born

What child Jane and Henry have that lives

Edward

What happens to Jane Seymour?

She dies within weeks after her son is born

Who does Henry marry after Jane Seymour and how does a deceptive painting factor into his decision?

Anne of Cleves but henry was shown a portrait that made her look very attractive, but she wasn’t when he met her. They had an annulled marriage with no children

What happens to Kathryn Howard?  Why?

She was accused of adultery and executed less than 2 years after marrying henry

Who was Henry VIII’s last wife?

Katherine Parr and she is the only wife to outlive henry

Who becomes the monarch of England when Henry VIII dies?

edward

how long did edward rule

7 years- till the age of 16 until he dies from tuberculosis

What does Mary I attempt to do when she becomes Queen of England?

Tried to return England to Catholicism

Who becomes monarch when Mary I dies?

Elizabeth I

What European monarch will be the chief rival of England during the rule of Elizabeth I

Phillip 2 of Spain ( he tried to force her to marry him)

What was the Spanish armada?

Philips navy fleet

how long does Elizabeth I rule England

44 years

Prior to the scientific revolution, how did most Europeans arrive at their beliefs about what was true concerning the natural world?

Determined by reference to an ancient text of some king ( the bible writings from Greek philosophers

What was the “geocentric theory?”  Who had developed it?

The earth was the center of the universe. Developed with Egyptian mathematician named Ptolemy

What two major factors led the scientific revolution to begin in Europe first as opposed to other parts of the world?

Europe had the development and independence of universities and the location of Europe because they could take form ancient texts of Islamic empire

What field of science had the first breakthroughs of the scientific revolution?

Astronomy

Who wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, and what did it propose?

Nicolaus Copernicus and it proposed that the plants circle the sun rather than the earth, but it was rejected by the church since it did not fit religious expectations

Give a short info summary for Tycho Brahe.

Danish astronomer that recorded to movements of the plants to confirm Copernicus ideas

Give a short info summary for Johannes Kepler

Continued Brahe’s world was able to deduce the mathematical laws that governed planetary motion figuring out that the orbits of the planets were elliptical rather than circular

Who developed the first working telescope? 

Galileo

What did Galileo discover that landed him in trouble with the Church?

Claimed that Jupiter had 4 moons and said that our moons surface was rough went against the church because they said that everything was perfect that everything orbited the earth and was perfectly circular

What are the 5 main steps of the Scientific Method?

1.      Observation

2.      Hypothesis development

3.      Experiment

4.      Analysis of data

5.      Conclusion which either confirms or refutes the hypothesis

How is the Scientific Method defined? 

A new way to arrive at factual truth

What two men are credited with developing the scientific method

France Bacon (English) and Rene Descartes (French)

What were major findings/discoveries of Isaac Newton?

Developed a unified theory of motion- universal gravitation and made mathematical principles of Natural philosophy (natural philosophy= science)

Zacharias Janssen

invented the working microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

used the microscope to observe bacteria and red blood cells

Gabriel Fahrenheit:

developed a mercury thermometer

Andreas Vesalius:

dissected human cadavers and published first (mostly) accurate anatomy text- On the Structure of the human body

Edward Jenner

developed the first vaccine- used to prevent small pox

Robert Boyle:

founder of modern chemistry- basically figured out what elements really are; developed the gas laws that show how volume, temperature and pressure interact

What other name is used for “The Enlightenment?

the age of reason  

Who wrote Leviathan?

Hobbes

What was hobbes position on what people were like?

Believed that all humans are naturally wicked and selfish- therefore the role of government was to restrain those impulses and protect society

What was Hobbes’ “social contract?”

people are willing to exchange their rights and freedom in exchange for safety

What three main rights did John Locke believe that every person had?

Life liberty and property

According to Locke, what is a government’s responsibility to its people?

Protect the natural rights of its citizens and if it doesn’t do it then they have the right to overthrow it.

Who were the “philosophes?”  (not a list of their names, but a description of the group)

very influential French thinkers and writers

What were the five core beliefs of the philosophes? Reason

truth is determined by application of logic

what were the 5 core beliefs of the philosophes- Nature

what was found in the natural world was good and right

what were the 5 core beliefs of the philosophes- Happiness

enjoyment of natural life was to be pursued no need to focus mainly on an afterlife

what were the 5 core beliefs of the philosophes- progress

humanity should and can improve itself and become better

what were the 5 core beliefs of the philosophes- liberty

people should have protected freedoms

What was the pen name of Francois Marie Arouet?

Voltaire

What were the main issues voltaire wrote about?

Freedom of speech and religion

Who wrote On the Spirit of Laws? 

montesquieu

What was Montesquieu main contribution to government organization?

Separation of powers, 3 branches of the government and the idea that each branch could have checks and balances on the other branches

Who’s book was titled The Social Contract?

Rousseau

How was Rousseau concept of the social contract different from that of Hobbes?

Unlike Hobbes his social contract was the impeded agreement between all individuals in a society to create a government therefore they could change it when and if they wanted

What did Mary Astell write and what were its main points?

A serious proposal to the ladies- addressed the lack of education for women also wrote about the inequalities between men and women in marriage