SOCIALIZATION

agents of socialization

the individuals, groups, and institutions that shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors throughout our lives

4 agents of socialization

1. family

2. schools

3. peers

4. mass media

which agent of socialization is the primary and most important

family

wilsons contribution to sociology

the systematic study of how biology affects social behaviour

according to wilson, whats rooted in our genes

war, peace, envy, competition and cooperation

sexual jealousy

refers to the emotional response that arises when an individual perceives a threat to their romantic relationship due to a rival's interest in their partner developed by wilson

what did the harlows study

effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys

who found that isolation at a young age caused fear and hostility when introduced to others later in life

harlows

what did freud believe

believed that our personalities were largely submerged in the unconscious and we only see the tip of the iceberg

what did freud argue about our behaviour

real action in human behaviour is in the mind— the unconscious mind, which is why it cannot be explained

list freuds 3 theories

• id

• superego

• ego

id

demands immediate gratification; instinctual, energy driven. The pleasure principle

the little devil on ur shoulder

unconcscious

superego

the angel on ur shoulder, moral and the part of the mind that has internalized society’s norms. Personal conscience

ex. you can fantasize about crime and harm but you hold urself back

ego

balances id and supergo— the reality principle

we can get what we want in a conventional way

why is freud important

he drew attention to sexuality and the developmental processes in people

there is more in our minds than we realize

how did freud describe the human mind

as being in a conflict between deep desires and demands placed upon us by society

what are the 3 ways that display conflict between demands and desires

dream interpretation- dreams are a manifestation of repressed desires and unresolved conflicts

slips of the tongue- verbal mistake that is thought to reveal na unconscious thought

introspection- analyzing ones own mental state

who thought of seeking out pleasure in a restrictive society

freud

what are the 3 stages of development, who developed this

freud:

1. oral

2. anal

3. phallic

oral

• pleasure on the mouth

• sucking and biting gives satisfaction

which stage can cause smoking and overeating habits in adulthood

oral

when does oral stage occur

0-1 years

anal stage, when does it occur

occurs 1-3 years

bowel and bladder control

what can anal fixation result in

excessively orderly, stubborn, and overly generous

what is the phallic stage concerned with

genitals

what are the two subcategories to phallic stage

Oedipus complex here (for boys) - unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent (mother) and feelings of rivalry and jealousy toward the same-sex parent (father).

and the Electra complex (for girls) - desire for father envy of mother, girl’s psychosexual competition with her mother for her father’s affection.

what ages does phallic stage go thru

3-6

according to freud, how do personality disorders come about

failure to go thru each stage

fixation on phallic stage causes

homosexuality

what are the stages of development for piaget

• sensorimotor (sensory contact)

• pre-operational (begin to use symbols)

• concrete operational (take the role of others)

• formal operational (abstract thought)

who develoepd stages of moral development, and what are they

kohlberg,

1. pre-conventional (punishment and obedience)

2. conventional (peer influence primary)

   • for example when u raise ur hand and look back to see what others think, considering peer influence and validation

3. post conventional (moral conduct/human rights)

what did kohl believe of humans

most arent moral— amoral, not immoral

who was critical of kohlberg

gilligan

what did gilligan believe

• moral development is gendered

  • males are more concerned with law and order

  • females are more concerned with the social consequences of social relationships

what did mead develop

3 aspects of social self

3 aspects of social self

• “me”— the objective component

  • we perceive ourselves from the standpoint of others

• “I”— the subjective component

  • the active component that initiates action

• “generalized other”— how we internalize societal norms

what are meads developmental phases

• egocentric stage — inability to take on the role of others

• imitative stage — kids simply imitate others (doctors, police)

• play stage — actually adopt social roles (imaginative)

  • argues parents should calm down as they have high expectations of children following actual rules

  • difference from game and play is awareness of rules

• game stage — child gains an understanding of social expectations and rules

who developed the glass looking self

cooley

the glass looking self

you are looking at yourself through the visions of others

means more from those u have a relationship with

goffman

dramaturgical approach

dramaturgical approach

suggests we are all actors in a play, given roles and scripts and put on a performace, and our true selves are back stage

whos psychological, sociological, biological

Cooley Goffman and Mead are all sociological, Freud Piaget Kholberg and Gilligan are all psychological, and Wilson and the Harlows are biological