Intro to Psychology Exam 2 UTA (memory, learning, intelligence, language, emotion)

memory Encoding

process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

Memory elaborative encoding

Process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

Memory visual imagery encoding

Process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Memory organizational encoding

Process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

The magic number seven

can remember seven things plus or minus two

Mnemonics

Based on rhythm/rhyme/ melody/visualization

Method of loci

Memory palace or mind palace

Consolidation of memory

Process by which memories become stable in the

brain

Retrieval cues for memory

stimuli that help you retrieve a certain memory

Encoding specificity principle

retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Transfer appropriate processing

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match

Serial position effect

tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

Retrograde amnesia

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Explicit memory

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

Semantic memory

Network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

Episodic memory

Collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

(Also involves imagining the future)

Implicit memory

Influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection

Procedural memory

Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

Priming

Enhanced ability to think of a stimulus as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus; less cortical activation

The seven sins of memory

Transience, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Memory misattribution, Suggestibility, and Persistence

retroactive interface versus proactive interface

Situations in which information learned later impairs

memory for information acquired earlier, versus Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

Absentmindedness

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Persistence and flashbulb memories

Intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, and Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Classical conditioning

Blocking

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

• Also known as tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Unconditioned stimulus

Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Unconditioned response

Reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus

Stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Conditioned response

Reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned response

Acquisition

Phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

Second order conditioning of learning

the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS

Extinction of learning

Gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

Spontaneous recovery of a classically conditioned response

Tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning

Little Albert

Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned a 9-month-old baby (Albert) to fear a white rat (by striking a steel bar whenever he was presented with the rat).

Rescorla wagner model of classical conditioning

suggests that classical conditioning only occurs when the organism has learned to set up an expectation.

Evolutionary elements of classical conditioning

Adaptive behaviors allow us to survive

Operant conditioning and operant behavior

Type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future, and Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

Thorndikes puzzle box

food was placed just outside the door of the puzzle box, where the cat could see it. If the cat triggered the appropriate lever, it would open the door and let the cat out

Law of effect

Principle that behaviors that are

followed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'unpleasant state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated

BF Skinner

reinforcer and punisher

reinforcer

Any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it; more effective than punishment in promoting learning

(Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement)

punisher

Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers

satisfy biological needs; secondary reinforcers are associated with primary reinforcers

Source memory

memory for the time and place in which an event occurred

Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence

Two-factor theory of intelligence: suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)

Three level hierarchy of intelligence test data

scores on different mental ability tests are best described in a three-level hierarchy.

" General factor, specific factors, and group factors

Fluid intelligence versus crystallized intelligence

Ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences versus Ability to retain

and use knowledge that was acquired

through experience

Three factors of analytical creative practical intelligence by Robert Sternberg

" Analytic intelligence (problem solving)

" Creative intelligence (novel solutions)

" Practical intelligence (everyday)

Howard Gardner's eight factor theory of intelligence

eight forms of intelligence:

" Linguistic, logical- mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

Emotional intelligence

Ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

Flynn effect

accidental discovery that the average intelligence test score rises about .3% every year, as discovered by James Flynn

Phonemes

he smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise

Morphemes

the smallest meaningful units of language

Deep structure and surface structure in language and thought

Deep structure: the meaning of a sentence

Surface structure: how a sentence is worded

The behaviorist, nativist, and interactionist explanations of language development

• Behaviorist explanations state that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation

• Nativist explanations argue that language is innate; more evidence converges on this theory

• Interactionist explanations argue that social interactions play a crucial role in language

Brocas and wernickes area

Broca's area: left frontal cortex; language production

Wernicke's area: left temporal cortex; language comprehension

Aphasia

difficulty in producing or comprehending language coffee coffee coffee

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

proposal that language shapes the nature of thought; originated by Benjamin Whorf

Functional fixedness

tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed; only in terms of its typical use (ex: the candle problem)

frontal lobe damage and emotion

People with prefrontal lobe damage do not show emotional reactions during risky decision making.

James Lange theory of emotion

Body changes active an emotional response

Cannon bard theory of emotion

Activation of the thalamus signals the body to have an emotional reaction

What are the two factors in Schechter's and singers two factor theory of emotion

Activation of body and response to stimulus produces emotion

How is the amygdala involved in the appraisal of emotion, described fast and slow pathways emotion information you can take through the brain

Plays important role in threat detection (Appraisal = an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus)

Fast = thalamus = amygdala

Slow = thalamus = cortex = amygdala

Misattribution of arousal theory

The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do. (Ex: girl on the bridge)

The six universal emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

Facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Display rules in emotion

norms for the control of emotional expression

• Intensification,de-intensification, masking, neutralizing

Different theories of motivation

Instinct, drive, arousal, incentive, cognitive, and hierarchy of needs

The hedonic principle

Noon that all people are movated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Maslows hierarchy of needs

1. physical needs (ex:food/water)

2. Safety

3. Love/to be loved

4. Esteem

5. Self-actualization

Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

An example of intrinsic motivation is because you enjoy the material in a class you study. An example of extrinsic motivation is when you do homework for a class you hate because it will help you be a doctor.

Murrays psychogenic needs

Need for achievement intimacy and power

some people have high need for intimacy, some have a low need. People with a need for power have a desire to impact or control others. And people with a need for achievement like responsibility and challenges.

Approach and avoidance motives