Biology Quiz Review 11/13

Diabetes, Blood Glucose Homeostasis, and Carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates

Biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of roughly one carbon atom (C) to one water molecule (H20)

Monosaccharides

(mono = one, sacchar = sugar): simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose

Disaccharides

(di = two, sacchar = sugar): two monosaccharides joined together via a dehydration reaction

Common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose

Polysaccharides

(poly = many, sacchar = sugar): long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Starch

The stored form of sugars in plants

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates

Cellulose

Major component of plant cell walls; provides structural support

Chitin

Provides structural support and protection, forms exoskeletons in animals

Glucose

Simple sugar that all living things use to store and transport energy

Sucrose

(AKA table sugar) a disaccharide, made up of two monosaccharides

Simple Sugar

A monosaccharide or disaccharide, like glucose and sucrose

Lactose

A type of disaccharide sugar found primarily in milk and dairy products

Negative Feedback

Response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a set value; includes regulating body temperatures in humans.

Glucagon

Hormone used to raise blood sugar levels

Insulin

Hormone used to lower blood sugar levels

Positive Feedback

Response to an event increases the likelihood of the event continuing; includes the production of milk in nursing mothers

Homeostasis

Condition in which a system such as the human body is maintained in a more-or-less steady state

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas, leading to loss of glucose control and high levels of blood glucose

Pancreas

Where insulin and glucagon are made

Negative feedback loop

Green Line

Which color line on the graph would fit a healthy person?

Pancreas, insulin

Fill in each blank: When our blood glucose is HIGH, the ________ releases _________

Type 2

Eating healthy and exercising might help to prevent what type of diabetes?

A food with a high fiber content

What kind of food might be represented by Line B?

Pancreas, Glucagon

Fill in each blank: When our blood glucose is LOW, the ________ releases _________

Glucagon

A person has not eaten for 12 hours. Which hormone is more likely to be produced?

Cells and Liver

Insulin tells the sugar to leave the bloodstream and go where?