FINAL_REVIEW_SHEET_Ch._1-26_-_FALL_2019 (1).docx

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Portugal and Spain, signed in 1494, that divided newly discovered lands between the two countries along a meridian.

Lost Colony

The Roanoke Colony established in 1585, which mysteriously disappeared, leaving only the word 'Croatoan' carved into a post.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in America, founded in 1607, where John Smith was a leader and John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation.

James Oglethorpe

Founder of the Georgia Colony in 1732, aimed to provide a fresh start for debtors and create a buffer against Spanish Florida.

House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619.

Act of Toleration

A 1649 Maryland law guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians, but not protecting non-Christian faiths.

Joint-Stock Company

A business entity where different stocks can be owned by shareholders, used to raise capital for trade and exploration.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley's administration over land policies.

Fundamental Orders

A 1638-1639 document establishing a governing framework for the Connecticut River towns, considered the first written constitution in America.

Pueblo Revolt

A 1680 uprising of Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in New Mexico, temporarily expelling the Spanish.

Mayflower Compact

A 1620 agreement among Mayflower passengers to establish a temporary government based on majority rule.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the French & Indian War, with France ceding most territories in North America to Britain and Spain losing Florida but acquiring Louisiana.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the American Revolutionary War, where Britain recognized American independence and ceded territories east of the Mississippi River to the United States.

George Grenville

British Prime Minister who advocated for taxing the colonies to recoup debts from the French & Indian War.

Paine’s Common Sense

Pamphlet advocating for American independence from Britain and the establishment of a democratic republic.

Lexington & Concord

First military engagements of the Revolutionary War, marking the start of armed conflict.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point in the Revolutionary War that convinced France to support the American cause.

Revere’s Engraving

Famous engraving depicting the Boston Massacre that fueled anti-British sentiments.

Jefferson vs. Hamilton

Jefferson advocated for strict constitutional interpretation and states' rights, while Hamilton supported loose interpretation and a strong central government.

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Included funding at par, assuming state debts, creating the Bank of the U.S., and implementing excise taxes and tariffs.

Connecticut Compromise

Established a bicameral legislature balancing representation between populous and smaller states.

3/5ths Compromise

Determined that enslaved individuals would count as three-fifths of a person for representation and tax purposes.

Commerce Compromise

Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce while limiting the federal government's power to tax exports.

Founders vs. Framers

The 'Founders' refers to the leaders who established the United States, particularly during the Revolutionary War era. The 'Framers' are those who drafted the Constitution, shaping the federal government.

The Judiciary Act of 1789

A law that established the federal judiciary system, creating the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, and outlined their jurisdiction.

Revolutionary War Battles

Key military engagements during the American Revolutionary War, including significant battles like Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown.

Shay’s/Whiskey Rebellion

Shay’s Rebellion (1786-1787) was an armed uprising in Massachusetts against economic injustices. The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) was a protest against federal excise tax on whiskey.

The Virginia/New Jersey Plans

Two proposals for the structure of the U.S. government presented at the Constitutional Convention; Virginia favored representation based on population, while New Jersey proposed equal representation for states.

The Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that established a systematic process for surveying and selling western lands, promoting organized settlement.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

An act that created a framework for governing the Northwest Territory and establishing new states, promoting education and prohibiting slavery in the territory.

Annapolis & Philly Conventions

The Annapolis Convention (1786) aimed to address trade issues; the Philadelphia Convention (1787) resulted in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

The ‘Father of the Constitution’

James Madison is often referred to as the 'Father of the Constitution' for his pivotal role in its drafting and ratification.

The Elastic & Supremacy Clauses

The Elastic Clause allows Congress to pass laws necessary to carry out its powers. The Supremacy Clause establishes that federal law takes precedence over state law.

The Electoral College

A body of electors established by the Constitution, responsible for electing the President and Vice President of the United States.

Washington’s Cabinet

The group of advisors to the President of the United States, established by George Washington, which included key figures like Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.

John Jay

A Founding Father and the first Chief Justice of the United States, known for his role in the negotiation of the Treaty of Paris and the Jay Treaty.

The Franco-American Alliance

An alliance established in 1778 between France and the United States during the Revolutionary War to aid the American struggle against Britain.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

A declaration by President Washington that the United States would remain neutral in conflicts between European countries.

Jay-Gardoqui, Pinckney Treaties

Jay's Treaty (1794) resolved issues between the U.S. and Britain, while the Gardoqui Treaty aimed to open trade with Spain (but was never ratified).

Jay’s Treaty

An agreement between the United States and Britain which resolved lingering issues from the Revolutionary War and ensured British withdrawal from forts in the Northwest.

Impressment

The act of forcing individuals into military service, notably used by the British Navy against American sailors in the early 19th century.

The Genet Affair

A diplomatic incident involving Edmond Genet, a French envoy who tried to mobilize American support for France without government approval.

Quock Walker, Slavery

A landmark legal case in Massachusetts in which Quock Walker's fight for freedom led to the gradual abolition of slavery in the state.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The final battle of the Northwest Indian War (1794) between American forces and Native American tribes, leading to the Treaty of Greenville.

Treaty of Greenville

A treaty signed in 1795 that established boundaries between Indian lands and American settlers after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.