FINAL_REVIEW_SHEET_Ch._1-26_-_FALL_2019 (1).docx

Chapters 1-3 – Colonization

• Treaty of Tordesillas: An agreement between Portugal and Spain, signed in 1494, that divided newly discovered lands between the two countries along a meridian.

• Lost Colony: Refers to the Roanoke Colony established in 1585, which mysteriously disappeared with no clear explanation, leaving only the word "Croatoan" carved into a post.

• Patroonship/Headright system: A land grant system where wealthy landowners (patroons) received large tracts of land in return for settling a certain number of people in the New World, aimed to encourage migration.

• Jamestown/John Rolfe/John Smith: Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America, founded in 1607. John Smith was a leader in the settlement, while John Rolfe introduced tobacco cultivation, which became a cash crop for the colony.

• James Oglethorpe: Founder of the Georgia Colony in 1732, aimed to provide a fresh start for debtors and create a buffer against Spanish Florida.

• House of Burgesses/General Court: The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia in 1619; the General Court was a form of government in Massachusetts where free men elected representatives.

• Act of Toleration: A 1649 Maryland law that guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians, but it did not protect non-Christian faiths.

• Joint-Stock Company: A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, often used to raise capital for expediting trade and exploration.

• Anne Hutchinson/Antinomianism: Anne Hutchinson was a religious dissenter whose beliefs challenged the Puritan orthodoxy in New England, advocating for a covenant of grace rather than works, leading to the term antinomianism (belief in salvation by faith alone).

• Roger Williams: A Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island for religious freedom after being banished from Massachusetts for his beliefs on the separation of church and state.

• Bacon’s Rebellion: A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley's administration due to grievances over land policies and lack of protection from Native American raids.

• ‘Fundamental Orders’: A 1638-1639 document that established a governing framework for the Connecticut River towns, considered the first written constitution in America.

• Quakers: A religious group known as the Society of Friends, emphasizing equality, pacifism, and direct communion with God, heavily persecuted in Puritan Massachusetts.

• Pueblo Revolt: A 1680 uprising of Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico, resulting in a significant, though temporary, expulsion of the Spanish.

• William Bradford: The governor of Plymouth Colony and a signatory of the Mayflower Compact, known for his history of the colony and its founding.

• John Winthrop: The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he envisioned the Colony as a "city upon a hill," a model of Puritan moral righteousness.

• Massachusetts Bay Co./Colony: A joint-stock company that established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, intending to create a Puritan religious haven.

• Navigation Laws: British laws aimed at regulating colonial shipping and trade, ensuring that trade benefitted England economically.

• The New England Confederation: A military alliance formed in 1643 between New England colonies (Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) for mutual defense against Native American threats.

• The Dominion of New England: A short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region created in 1686, intended to consolidate control over the colonies.

• King Philip’s War: A conflict between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom (King Philip) from 1675 to 1678, resulting in significant casualties and territory loss for Native Americans.

• The Mayflower Compact: A 1620 agreement among the passengers of the Mayflower to establish a temporary government based on majority rule, laying the foundation for self-governance in the New World.

  Chapters 4-7 – The French & Indian War & American Revolution

Treaty of Paris (1763 & 1783)

• 1763: Ended the French & Indian War. France ceded most of its territories in North America to Britain, greatly expanding British control in the New World. Spain lost Florida but acquired Louisiana from France.

• 1783: Ended the American Revolutionary War. Britain recognized American independence and ceded significant territories east of the Mississippi River to the new United States, while France and Spain regained some territories lost earlier.

George Grenville: ‘Pay your share’

• Grenville was a British Prime Minister who argued for the imposition of taxes on the colonies to recoup the debts incurred during the French & Indian War. His rationale was that colonies should contribute to the costs of their defense.

British Colonial Taxes

• Taxes included the Stamp Act, which taxed printed materials; the Declaratory Act, asserting Britain's authority over the colonies; the Townshend Acts, which taxed imported goods; and the Intolerable Acts, punitive laws passed in response to the Boston Tea Party.

Writings

• Paine’s Common Sense: Advocated for independence from Britain and the establishment of a democratic republic.

• Dickinson’s ‘Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania’: Argued against British taxation and the loss of colonial rights.

• Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: Discussed economic theories that urged free trade, influencing colonial economic thought.

Attempts at Colonial Unity

• New England Confederation: A military alliance of the New England colonies against Native American attacks.

• Dominion of New England: A short-lived administrative union of English colonies.

• Albany Congress: Suggested colonial unity to fight the French during the French and Indian War, the famous “Join or Die” snake cartoon was published.

• Stamp Act Congress: A gathering of colonists to organize opposition against the Stamp Act.

• Continental Congress: The first (1774) and second (1775) congresses coordinated colonial resistance against the British.

The Power of Images

• Revere’s Engraving: Famous engraving depicting the Boston Massacre, which fueled anti-British sentiments.

• Washington Crossing the Delaware: A pivotal moment painted by Emanuel Leutze, symbolizing American resolve and heroism.

Battles of the American Revolution

• Lexington & Concord: The first military engagements of the Revolutionary War, signaling the start of armed conflict.

• Bunker Hill: A costly battle for British troops but proved the colonies could stand up to the British army.

• Saratoga: A turning point; victory here convinced France to support the American cause.

• Yorktown: Final major battle leading to British surrender and the end of the war.

Colonial People

• Key figures included Benjamin Franklin, a diplomat and inventor; James Otis and John Dickinson, vocal opponents of British taxation; Samuel Adams, a leader of the Sons of Liberty; Paul Revere, noted for his midnight ride; Patrick Henry, known for his "Give me liberty or give me death" speech; and Phillis Wheatley, a pioneering African American poet.

Chapters 8-9 – Articles of Confederation, The Constitution & The New Government

The Arguments of Jefferson vs. Hamilton

• Jefferson (Democratic-Republicans):

  • Advocated for a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

  • Emphasized agrarianism and the rights of states.

  • Believed in a limited federal government with more power reserved for the states.

• Hamilton (Federalists):

  • Supported a loose interpretation of the Constitution.

  • Championed a strong central government and encouraged industrialization.

  • Proposed an economic plan that included the creation of a national bank.

Key Writings Influencing Their Arguments

• Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations: Advocated for free market capitalism.

• John Locke & The Second Treatise on Government: Influenced ideas on democracy and government by consent.

• The Federalist Papers: Essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, highlighting the need for a strong federal government.

• Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: Discussed separation of powers which influenced American government design.

• Fiske’s The Critical Period: Analyzed the challenges faced by the U.S. post-Revolution.

• Hamilton’s Reports on Public Credit and Manufactures: Outlined fiscal policies to stabilize the U.S. economy.

• Beard’s An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution: Argued that economic interests influenced the drafting of the Constitution.

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

• Funding at Par: The government would repay its debts at face value.

• Assumption: Federal government assumed state debts from the Revolution.

• The Bank of the U.S.: Central bank to regulate credit and stabilize currency.

• Excise Taxes and Tariffs: Taxes on goods and trade to generate revenue.

• ‘D.C. Compromise’: Agreement to locate the capital on the Potomac River in exchange for southern support for Hamilton's financial plan.

Constitutional Compromises

• The ‘Connecticut Compromise’: Created a bicameral legislature that balanced representation between populous and smaller states.

• ‘3/5ths Compromise’: Determined that enslaved individuals would count as three-fifths of a person for representation and tax purposes.

• ‘Commerce Compromise’: Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, while limiting the federal government's power to tax exports.

Chapters 10-11 – Adams, Jefferson, Madison & Monroe and the War of 1812

(John) Marshall Court Cases

• Marbury v. Madison: Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

• McCulloch v. Maryland: Confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law and upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States.

• Fletcher v. Peck: The first case in which the Supreme Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional, asserting the sanctity of contracts.

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Protected private corporate charters from state interference, emphasizing the importance of contracts.

• Gibbons v. Ogden: Established federal authority over interstate commerce, ruling that states could not interfere with Congress's right to regulate it.

Jefferson & Madison Foreign/Trade Issues

• Non-importation Act: Aimed to restrict certain imports as a response to British restrictions on American trade.

• Embargo Act: Enacted by Jefferson in 1807, it prohibited American ships from trading in foreign ports, aiming to pressure Britain and France.

• Non-Intercourse Act: Replaced the Embargo Act, allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France.

• Macon’s Bill No. 2: Aimed to encourage trade by promising to restore non-importation against Britain or France if the other nation recognized American neutrality.

War of 1812

• Causes/Results of the War: Caused by British interference with American shipping and support for Native Americans; resulted in a surge of nationalism and the decline of the Federalist Party.

• War Hawks: Young congressmen, mostly from the South and West, who were eager for war against Britain to defend American honor.

• Madison’s War Declaration: James Madison declared war due to ongoing British violations of American sovereignty and trade rights.

• Capture of Washington, D.C.: British troops captured and burned the capital in 1814 as part of their campaign against the U.S.

• The Hartford Convention: A meeting of Federalists in New England to discuss grievances over the War of 1812; it ultimately led to the party's decline.

• Treaty of Ghent: Ended the War of 1812, restoring relations and territorial status quo between the U.S. and Britain.

• Battle of New Orleans: A decisive American victory led by Andrew Jackson after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, boosting national pride.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Provisions/Solutions: Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain balance; established a line (36°30') north of which slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Territory.

Indian Relations

• Battle of Tippacanoe: A battle in 1811 between American forces led by William Henry Harrison and Native Americans, leading to increased tensions.

• Tecumseh: A Shawnee leader who worked to unite Native American tribes against U.S. encroachment on their lands.

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend: A decisive battle in 1814 during the War of 1812, resulting in the defeat of the Creek Indians, leading to significant land cessions to the U.S. government.

• Andrew Jackson: Led troops in the Battle of New Orleans and played a significant role in U.S. relations and conflicts with Native Americans.

Chapters 12 – Jacksonian Democracy

The Election of 1824

• ‘Corrupt Bargain’: A term used to describe the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, where Clay supported Adams in the House of Representatives, leading to Adams's presidency.

• Candidates: Four main candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay.

• Election Outcome: Andrew Jackson won the popular vote and most electoral votes but did not reach the required majority in the Electoral College, leading to the election being decided by the House of Representatives.

• Significance: This election raised questions about electoral fairness and led to increased partisanship in American politics.

The Tariff Controversy

• Tariff of Abominations: A high tariff introduced in 1828 that angered Southern states, who saw it as economically harmful.

• Webster-Hayne Debate (1830): A famous Senate debate over states' rights and nullification, highlighting sectional tensions between North and South.

• South Carolina Exposition and Protest: A document written by John C. Calhoun asserting the right of states to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

• Tariff of 1832: A response to the protests against the Tariff of Abominations; it sought to lower tariffs but was still opposed by South Carolina.

• Ordinance of Nullification (1832): Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void in South Carolina, leading to a confrontation with the federal government.

• The Force Bill: Passed in 1833 to authorize the use of military force against states that resisted tariff enforcement.

• Compromise Tariff of 1833: Proposed by Henry Clay to gradually reduce tariffs and ease tensions between the federal government and Southern states.

The Bank Issue

• Specie Circular: An executive order issued by Jackson mandating that payment for public lands be made in gold and silver, leading to a decrease in land sales.

• Pet Banks: State banks selected by Jackson’s administration to receive government deposits, which were seen as a way to undermine the national bank.

• Bank of the U.S. Veto: Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, arguing it favored the wealthy and was unconstitutional.

• Western Stance on the Banks: Many Westerners supported Jackson’s opposition to the national bank, viewing it as an entity that favored Eastern elites.

• Effect on the Panic of 1837: The destruction of the national bank and the Specie Circular contributed to the Panic as credit tightened, leading to a severe economic depression.

Supreme Court Cases

• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: A case where the Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a dependent nation within the U.S., lacking original jurisdiction.

• Worcester v. Georgia: The Court ruled that states did not have the power to enforce laws within Native American territories, affirming the sovereignty of tribes but was not enforced by Jackson.

Chapters 13-14 - American Society in the Antebellum Era

Inventors

• Samuel Slater: Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution," he introduced the first successful water-powered cotton mill in the U.S.

• Eli Whitney: Inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry and contributed to the growth of slavery in the South.

• Elias Howe: Invented the sewing machine, which transformed the garment industry.

• Isaac Singer: Improved Howe's sewing machine design and founded the Singer Sewing Machine Company.

• Samuel F.B. Morse: Developed the telegraph and Morse code, enhancing long-distance communication.

• John Deere: Invented the steel plow, making it easier to farm in tough soil.

• Cyrus McCormick: Created the mechanical reaper, increasing agricultural productivity.

• Robert Fulton: Developed the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont.

• Cyrus Field: Led efforts to lay the first transatlantic telegraph cable.

Transportation

• Lancaster Turnpike: The first long-distance paved road in the U.S., connecting Philadelphia and Lancaster.

• Erie Canal: Completed in 1825, it connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, facilitating trade.

• Clippers & Steamboats: Clippers were fast sailing ships, while steamboats revolutionized river transport.

• Cumberland Road: The first federally funded road, connecting Maryland to Illinois.

• Railroads: Became the key mode of transportation for people and goods, with various companies established to build lines.

Religious Movements

• 2nd Great Awakening: A Protestant revival movement that led to the growth of various denominations and social reform.

• Deism: Belief in a rational god who created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.

• Charles Grandison Finney: A prominent preacher in the 2nd Great Awakening known for his revival meetings.

• Burned-Over District: A region in New York known for its religious fervor and numerous revivals.

• 7th Day Adventists/Millerites: A religious movement predicting the Second Coming of Christ.

• Joseph Smith/Brigham Young/Mormonism: Smith founded the Latter Day Saint movement; Young led the Mormons to Utah.

Books/Writers

• Timothy Shay Arthur: Author of Ten Nights in a Barroom.

• Alexis de Tocqueville: His book Democracy in America analyzed American society and politics.

• Knickerbocker Group: A group of American authors noted for their contributions to American literature (Washington Irving, Cooper, etc.).

• Ralph Waldo Emerson: A central figure in Transcendentalism, advocating for individualism and nature.

• Henry David Thoreau: Author of Walden, it emphasized simple living and nature.

• John James Audubon: Known for his studies and paintings of North American birds.

Women’s Movements

• Republican Motherhood: The idea that women had an important role in educating future citizens.

• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony: Key figures in the women's rights movement.

• Angelina & Sarah Grimke: Sisters known for their advocacy against slavery and for women's rights.

• Lucy Stone: First woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree and an advocate for women's rights.

• Amelia Bloomer: Known for promoting women's dress reform and the Bloomer costume.

• Margaret Fuller: A feminist writer and editor who advocated for women's rights.

• Seneca Falls Convention: The first women's rights convention, held in 1848.

• Catharine Beecher: Advocated for women's role in education and homemaking.

• Elizabeth Blackwell: The first woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

• Louisa May Alcott: An author known for Little Women, which highlighted women's issues.

• Emily Dickinson: A notable poet whose work later influenced literature.

Education

• Horace Mann: An education reformer who advocated for public schooling.

• Noah Webster: Known for his dictionary and his role in promoting American English language.

• William H. McGuffey: Created the widely-used McGuffey Readers to teach reading.

• Emma Willard: Promoted women’s education, establishing the first school for girls in the U.S.

• Mary Lyon: Founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, an early women’s college.

• Oberlin College: The first college in the U.S. to regularly admit women and African American students.

• Lyceums: Community-based organizations that promoted adult education and discussion.

Utopian Societies

• New Harmony: A short-lived utopian community founded by Robert Owen, emphasizing communal living.

• Brook Farm: A communal living experiment that sought to combine intellectual and laboring classes.

• Oneida Community: A group practicing communal living and complex marriage.

• Shakers: Known for their celibate and communal lifestyle, as well as their craftsmanship.

• Amana Community: A communal society following a Pietist religious tradition, emphasizing shared property and lifestyle.

Chapters 15-16 – Pre-Civil War America

Free Blacks in the North & South

• Varied treatment; in the North, they often faced discrimination and limited rights, while in the South, their situation was worse, facing enslavement or oppressive laws.

• In both regions, attitudes towards free blacks were often shaped by prevailing racist beliefs, leading to social stigmas and legal restrictions.

Abolitionists

• William Lloyd Garrison: Founded The Liberator, advocating for immediate emancipation without compensation to slave owners.

• Theodore Dwight Weld: Prominent abolitionist speaker and author, known for his work in organizing anti-slavery societies.

• Elijah Lovejoy: An abolitionist newspaper editor murdered for his anti-slavery stance, becoming a martyr for the cause.

• Harriet Tubman: Former enslaved woman who became a leading abolitionist and conductor of the Underground Railroad, helping many escape slavery.

• David Walker: An African American abolitionist whose writings called for enslaved people to rise against their oppressors.

• Sojourner Truth: A former enslaved woman known for her powerful speeches advocating for abolition and women's rights.

• Frederick Douglass: A prominent African American orator and writer who escaped slavery and became a leading figure in the abolitionist movement.

Literature

• Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World: David Walker's work urging abolition and resistance.

• The Liberator: Garrison's newspaper that pushed for immediate emancipation.

• American Slavery As It Is: A compilation of narratives depicting the harsh realities of slavery.

• A Narrative in the Life of Frederick Douglass: Douglass's autobiography detailing his experiences from enslavement to freedom.

Political Parties

• The American Party: Focused on anti-immigrant sentiments, often reflected nativist attitudes.

• Liberty Party: Formed to advocate for the abolition of slavery, emphasizing moral opposition to the institution.

• Free-Soil Party: Opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, advocating free labor.

• Whig Party: Initially focused on national economic issues but experienced division over slavery.

• Republican Party: Emerged in opposition to the spread of slavery, unifying former Free Soilers and abolitionists.

Slave Revolts

• Stono Rebellion: A 1739 slave revolt in South Carolina, resulting in stricter slave laws.

• Nat Turner Revolt: An 1831 uprising led by Nat Turner, resulting in increased fear among slaveholders and greater repression of

Chapters 17-20 – Causes of the Civil War & the War Between the States

Texas and its Annexation

• Stephen F. Austin: Known as the Father of Texas; led the first successful colonization of the region under the Mexican government.

• 1825 Colonization Law: Encouraged settlement in Texas, offering land to settlers.

• Mexico and Independence: Following its independence, Mexico attempted to maintain control over Texas, leading to tensions over slavery and governance.

• Santa Anna: Mexican president whose harsh policies fueled Texian rebellion.

• Annexation: The incorporation of Texas into the United States in 1845, which heightened sectional tensions.

James K. Polk and the Election of 1844

• Manifest Destiny: The belief that the expansion of the US across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

• Dark-Horse Candidacy: Polk was initially an overlooked candidate who gained nomination unexpectedly.

• The Election: Polk won by promising territorial expansion and democratic ideals.

• The 4 Promises of Polk: Included the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, and California, along with lower tariffs.

• Oregon: Gained through negotiation with Britain, known as the Oregon Treaty.

• Horace Greeley: A journalist and founder of the New-York Tribune, emphasized the need for westward expansion.

Mexican-American War

• Slidell Mission: An unsuccessful attempt by diplomat John Slidell to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico.

• California & Texas: Regions that became central issues leading to war.

• Wilmot Proviso: A proposal to ban slavery in territories acquired from Mexico, highlighting sectional divisions.

• Rio Grande & Nueces Rivers: Disputed boundaries that contributed to the war's outbreak.

• Spot Resolutions: Lincoln's challenge to Polk regarding the justification for war.

• 'American Blood on American Soil': Polk's justification for declaring war after skirmishes near the Rio Grande.

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Ended the war, resulting in significant territorial gains for the U.S. (including California and New Mexico).

Major Compromises and Conflicts

• Impending Crisis of the South: Book by Hinton Helper critiquing slavery's effects on the South's economic health.

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel that exposed the brutal realities of slavery and energized anti-slavery sentiment in the North.

• Missouri Compromise of 1820: Established the 36-30 line to balance slave and free states, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

• Compromise of 1850: Introduced to ease tensions following the acquisition of new territories; included California’s admission as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Act.

Elections and Popular Sovereignty

• Elections of 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856: Key elections where issues of slavery and expansion dominated; candidates included Lewis Cass, Zachary Taylor, Stephen Douglas, and Franklin Pierce.

• Free-Soil Party: Political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into the western territories.

• Gadsden Purchase (1853): Further extended U.S. territory to facilitate building a southern transcontinental railroad.

• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Introduced popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska, leading to conflict.

• Ostend Manifesto (1854): Advocated for the U.S. to purchase Cuba from Spain, heightening slavery debates.

Bloody Kansas and Political Debates

• Bloody Kansas: A series of violent confrontations in Kansas, stemming from the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty.

• Pottawatomie Massacre: Led by John Brown, who sought to oppose pro-slavery forces.

• Lecompton Constitution: Proposed pro-slavery constitution for Kansas, rejected by Congress.

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Series of debates highlighting the contrasting views of Lincoln and Douglas on slavery and popular sovereignty.

• Freeport Doctrine: Douglas's response affirming that a territory could exclude slavery by not adopting laws protecting it.

Dred Scott Case and John Brown

• Dred Scott Case: Supreme Court decision by Roger Taney stating that African Americans could not be citizens and Congress couldn’t regulate slavery in territories.

• John Brown & Harper’s Ferry: Brown's raid in 1859 aimed at arming enslaved people against their oppressors, elevating tensions between North and South.

Election of 1860 and Secession

• Election of 1860: Lincoln vs. Douglas, Breckinridge, and Bell; Lincoln's victory was pivotal for sectional tensions.

• Secession: States began to secede from the Union following Lincoln's election, with significant implications for the Border States and the onset of the Civil War.

Civil War Era Prominent People:

CIVIL WAR

Lincoln & the Civil War

• Suspension of Habeas Corpus: Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus during the Civil War, allowing for the arrest and detention of individuals without trial. This measure was meant to quell dissent and maintain order during the conflict, particularly in border states where loyalty was uncertain.

• Censorship of Newspapers: Lincoln's administration implemented censorship to control the narrative surrounding the war, limiting the publication of news that could be detrimental to the Union's war efforts. This included the suppression of articles that criticized the government or military strategies.

Chapter 21 – Reconstruction

C

Chapters 22-24, 26 – The Gilded Age

Industries Contributing to Modernization & Leading Industrialists

• Key industries: steel, oil, railroads, and manufacturing.

• Leading industrialists included:

  • Andrew Carnegie: Dominated the steel industry, known for vertical integration.

  • John D. Rockefeller: Founded Standard Oil, known for horizontal integration and oil refining.

  • J.P. Morgan: A prominent banker who helped to consolidate industries.

  • James B. Duke: Key player in the tobacco industry.

  • Cornelius Vanderbilt: Major figure in railroads and shipping.

Immigrant Groups Before 1880 & After

• Before 1880: Primarily from Northern and Western Europe (German, Irish, British).

• After 1880: Increase in immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italian, Polish, Russian).

• Effects: Contributed to labor force; faced differing levels of acceptance and discrimination; cultural diversity expanded.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Big Business

• Advantages: Economic efficiency, lower prices, job creation, innovation.

• Disadvantages: Monopolies, exploitation of workers, economic inequality, political corruption.

Grant Administration Scandals

• Black Friday: Gold market manipulation leading to financial panic.

• Credit Mobilier: Scandal involving the Union Pacific Railroad and government bribery.

• Salary Grab Act: Increased salaries of members of Congress and the president, met with public backlash.

• Whiskey Ring: Fraud involving government officials, distillers, and tax evasion.

• Belknap Bribery: Secretary of War implicated in accepting bribes for government contracts.

The End of Reconstruction

• Election of 1876: Disputed election between Rutherford B. Hayes and Samuel Tilden.

• Compromise of 1877: Resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.

• Jim Crow Laws: State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction.

Court Cases

• Slaughterhouse Cases: Limited the scope of the 14th Amendment's protection of citizens' rights.

• Civil Rights Cases: Declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional, weakening federal protection of civil rights.

• Plessy v. Ferguson: Upheld "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimizing segregation.

• Commonwealth v. Hunt: Supreme Court case recognizing the legality of labor unions.

• Munn v. Illinois: Allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders.

• Wabash Case: Limited state regulation of interstate commerce, leading to the creation of the ICC.

Booker T. Washington

• Proponent of the Atlanta Compromise, advocating for industrial education and gradualism in racial equality.

W.E.B. Dubois

• Founded the Niagara Movement and the NAACP, promoted immediate civil rights and higher education for the talented tenth, advocated for confrontationalism and interracial cooperation.

Labor Unions

• National Labor Union: The first national labor federation in the U.S., aimed at higher wages and shorter hours.

• Knights of Labor: Inclusive union advocating for reforms, lost influence after the Haymarket Square Bombing.

• American Federation of Labor (AFL): Focused on collective bargaining, led by Samuel Gompers, more successful in achieving goals.

Labor Unrest

• Great Railroad Strike: nationwide strike in 1877 protesting wage cuts.

• Haymarket Square Bombing: 1886 labor demonstration that turned violent, leading to a backlash against unions.

• Homestead Strike: 1892 strike at Carnegie's steel plant, marked by violent confrontation.

• Pullman Strike: 1894 nationwide railroad strike, led to federal intervention.

Native American Conflicts

• Chivington/Sand Creek Massacre: Attack by U.S. forces on Cheyenne and Arapaho, killing many.

• Battle of Little Big Horn: 1876 conflict where Custer's forces were defeated by Sioux warriors.

• Battle of Wounded Knee: 1890 massacre of Sioux by U.S. troops, symbolizing the end of Indian resistance.

• Dawes Severalty Act: Law aimed at assimilating Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

• A Century of Dishonor: Book by Helen Hunt Jackson that criticized U.S. policy towards Native Americans and called for reform.

Chapters 25 – Farmers’ Woes

People’s Party/Populist Party

• Goals: Advocated for farmers' rights and sought reforms such as the regulation of railroads, direct election of senators, and monetary reform.

• People: Key figures included James B. Weaver, Ignatius Donnelly, Mary Elizabeth Lease, and Tom Watson.

• Accomplishments: Influenced national politics and brought attention to farmers' grievances, leading to some reforms.

• Failure: The party declined after the loss in the 1896 election and division among its leaders.

The Election of 1896

• Candidates: William Jennings Bryan (Democratic/Populist) vs. William McKinley (Republican).

• Death of the Populist Party: The defeat of Bryan marked the decline of the Populist movement.

• Marcus Hanna: A key strategist for McKinley who utilized modern campaign techniques to secure victory.

• Platforms: McKinley focused on pro-business policies, while Bryan emphasized bimetallism and populism.

The Money Question

• Ohio Idea: Proposal to use greenbacks to pay off war debts.

• Greenbacks: Paper currency not backed by gold, influencing inflation.

• Bimetallism: Proposing to use both silver and gold as the basis for currency, advocating a 16 to 1 ratio.

• Gold Standard: Economic policy backing currency solely with gold.

• ‘Cross of Gold’ Speech: Delivered by William Jennings Bryan, advocating for the free coinage of silver.

Grangers

• Founder: Oliver Hudson Kelley.

• Political & Social Goals: Aimed to advance farmers' interests and combat monopolies in transportation.

• Original Purpose: Initially focused on socializing and networking among farmers.

• Primary Target: Addressed issues with railroads and grain storage companies.

Government Aid to Business

• Laissez faire: Minimal government interference in the economy.

• Tariffs: Various policies like McKinley, Wilson-Gorman, and Dingley Tariffs aimed at protecting American industry but also affected farmers.

• Rebates/Aid/Grants: Government incentives for businesses, particularly railroads, which did not always favor farmers.

Native American Issues

• A Century of Dishonor: A book by Helen Hunt Jackson criticizing U.S. policy towards Native Americans.

• Chivington Massacre: The brutal attack by U.S. forces on a peaceful Cheyenne camp, leading to public outrage.

• Dawes Act: Legislation aiming to assimilate Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

• Oklahoma Land Grab/Sooners/89ers: Events surrounding the settlement of formerly Native American territory in Oklahoma.