AP BIO Units 1-4

bios. → eco. → community → pop. → organism → organ →tissue → cell → organelles → molecules

which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization

for example growing a set of seedlings under white lights and another set under red lights for two weeks

which of the following constitutes a controlled experiment

disaccharide + h20 monosaccharide + monosaccharides

which of the following chemical equation describes a hydrolysis reaction

monosaccharide +monosaccharide disaccharide + h2o

which of the following chemical equations describes a dehydration reaction

insoluble in water

which of the following statements regarding lipids is true

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

a nucleotide is composed of

15%

if a dna sample were composed of 15% adenine, what percentage would be of thymine?

the rate of the reaction is greater than when the same reaction occurs in the absence of an enzyme

which of the following statements about enzyme catalyzed reactions is true

enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier

which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true

bind substrates

the active site of an enzyme is the region that

endoplasmic reticulum

which of the following may be found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacteria

vacuoles are full of water in plant cells

the volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

protein modification and sorting

which of the following statements correctly describes a function of the golgi apparatus?

lysosomes

hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packages to prevent general destruction of cellular components. In animal cells, which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes?

of protein molecules embedded in fluid bilayer

the fluid mosaic model of the membrane proposed that membranes consist

which of the following statements about diffusion is correct

the cell bursting (hypotonic)

submerging a red blood cell in distilled water will result in

sodium ions moving from low to high concentration

which of the following membrane activities requires energy from atp hydrolysis

review 9 and 10 on study guide unit 2

review 9 and 10 on study guide unit 2

anaphase

during which phase of mitosis do the chromatids become chromosomes

cyclins

proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell cycle are called

when they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle; they are not subject to cell cycle controls and do no exhibit density dependent inhibition when growing in the culture

which of the following is true concerning cancer cells

non-sister chromatids are exchanged

when homologous chromosomes crossover, what occurs

height or skin color

which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance

I^Ai

A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively.

Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother?a

they only have one x chromosome

males are more often affected by sex-linked traits then females because

the closer two genes are on a chromosome, the less likely chance there is of crossover

which of the following is true of linkage?

1/64

In the cross AaBbCc x AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC?

mitosis

the part of the cell cycle where the cell actually produces two new identical cells

ATP

a molecule whose primary function is to store energy by linking charged phosphate groups near each other is called

NAD +

an electron carrier that is used in harvesting energy from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm is

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis occur in the eukaryotic cell

glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and electron transport chain

three stages of cellular respiration

fermentation

in the absence of of oxygen, hydrogen atoms bound to NAD+ during glycolysis are donated to organic molecules, creating free NAD+ again. This process occurs during what process

a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

what causes chemiosmotic generation of ATP

C6H12O6+ 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

what is the general reaction for aerobic cellular respiration

glycolysis

what stage of cellular respiration is common to all living things

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

what is the end product of glycolysis

The decarboxylation step of oxidation of pyruvate is required before the stored energy can be transferred into the Krebs cycle as acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Where does this step take place?

2

how many turns does a single glucose drive the krebs cycle?

FADH2 NADH

what are the electron carriers produced in the Krebs cycle

combines with hydrogen atoms to become water

what happens to oxygen during cellular respiration? what does it become?

hydrogen ions

what does the electron transport chain pump across the innermembrane of the mitochondrion?

mitochondrial matrix

where does the krebs cycle take place

alcoholic fermentation

what type of fermentation do yeast cells do

lactic acid

what is produced by muscle cells undergoing fermentation

oxygen

what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA, Kreb Cycle, ETC, Pyruvate

place the following in the correct order: Acetyl CoA, Electron Transport Chain, Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, Pyruvate

no

does glycolysis require oxygen

ADP is converted to ATP by adding one phosphate

what does it mean when substrate-level phosphorylation occurs

ATP synthase: thylakoid membrane

krebs cycle: mitochondrial matrix

pyruvic acid formation: intermembrane space

electron transport chain: inner mitochondrial membrane

where is each of the following located

diagrams

diagrams

calvin cycle

which part of photosynthesis do most plants incorporate carbon dioxide into sugars by means of a cycle of reactions?

thylakoids

flattened sacs of internal membranes of chloroplasts which have proteins embedded and are associated with photosynthesis are called

H2O

in green plant photosynthesis, the electron donor for the light-dependent reaction is

NADP

in green plant photosynthesis, the electron recipient for the light-dependent reaction is

RuBP

in the dark reactions of photosynthesis, CO2 is added to a five-carbon sugar-phosphate known as

photons

what are the units of energy that light consists of

chlorophylls

what are the molecules that absorb light called

chemiosmotic of ATP

what is common to both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

PSI produces NADPH and PSII produces ATP

How is photosystem II different from photosystem I

calvin cycle

The cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as

stroma

which part of the chloroplasts contains the calvin-cycle enzymes

stroma

the photosynthetic electron transport causes the accumulation of protons in which part of the chloroplast

photosystems

embedded in the thylakoid membrane and protruding as knobs from the outer surface into the stroma, there are

C6H12O6

what products of the light reactions are used in the calvin cycle

H2O

most of the atmospheric oxygen occurs as a result of photosynthesis. From which molecules is the oxygen derived?

absorb wavelengths of light that neither chlorophyll a nor b can absorb

Carotenoids are important to many plants because these pigments are able to do what

chlorophyll breaks down, green color disappears

why do leaves change color in the fall

light, water, ADP + Pi, NADPH

what are the components of the light reactions

CO2, ATP, NADPH

What does the calvin cycle require

CO2 is reduced into C6H12O6 and H2O is oxidized O2

In photosynthesis, what substance is reduced? What substance is oxidizied?

What is the name of the molecule that is used to in the making of ATP

C3: most plants, loses water through photorespiration, attach CO2 to RuBP, CALVIN CYCLE

C4: corn, sugarcane; loses less water, attach CO2 to PEP, cytoplasm

CAM: pineapple, succulents; fix carbon at night only; loses least water

C3 vs C4 vs CAM