Bio 1 ch 6-9

Which of the following processes do not produce ATP directly?

electron transport

What is the initial source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain?

water

Which process would be most affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured ​[interior of thylakoid leaks in the stroma]?

synthesis of ATP

Where do most of the NADH and FADH2 end up during aerobic respiration?

electron transport

3 turns of the citric acid cycle will produce enough reduced NADH to make ____ molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Each NADH leads to 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 leads to 1.5ATP being made during chemiosmosis.

22.5

2 turns of the citric acid cycle will produce enough reduced dinucleotides to make how many molecules of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation? Each NADH leads to 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 leads to 1.5ATP being made during chemiosmosis.

18

How many reduced dinucleotides are produced per turn of the citric acid cycle?

4 (FADH2 and NADH)

How many reduced dinucleotides are produced during the citric acid cycle per Glucose molecule?

8 (glucose molecule is 2 cycles)

How many molecules of CO2 are produced per turn of the citric acid cycle?

2

During which stage is CO2 NOT released?

glycolysis

Which of these methods of membrane transport is always active (that is, always transports molecules against their concentration gradients)?

membrane pump

A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins, polysaccharides, and fatscan be seen below. Nutrients are ________when they are converted to acetyl-CoA. The citric acid cycle produces the ________ form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which is ________ by the electron transport chain.

oxidized, reduced, oxidized

The cyclic and the linear light reactions produce ATP, but only the ________ light reaction makes ________.

linear, NADPH

Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of and used short-term to perform work froma(n) molecule.

glucose, ATP

Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false?

Endergonic Reactions take place slowly while Exergonic reactions take place quickly

Which of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions?

compare the reaction rates

Which of the following is not true about enzymes

They increase ∆G of reactions

An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following?

Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use to distinguish the individual components of cells.

special stains

Peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is:

produced during their oxidation reactions

Which of the following is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

ribosomes

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

mitochondrion

The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as:

phagocytosis

Which of the following sequences correctly lists in order the steps involved in the incorporation of a proteinaceous molecule within a cell?

synthesis of the protein on the ribosome; modification in the endoplasmic reticulum; tagging in the Golgi; distribution via the vesicle

Which of the following are found only in plant cells?

plasmodesmata

Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane?

double bonds in the fatty acid tail

What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?

identification of the cell

Water moves via osmosis

from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration

The principal force driving movement in diffusion is the

concentration gradient

What problem is faced by organisms that live in fresh water?

Their bodies tend to take in too much water.

Active transport must function continuously because

diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions

What is the combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called?

electrochemical gradient

ATP facilitates the occurrence of energetically unfavorable reactions via

Phosphoryl transfer, Energy coupling, ATP to ADP conversion

The electron transport system links oxidation of NADH and FADH2 to

ATP synthesis

The complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O results in a yield of

32 ATP/glucose

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the

Mitochondria

Glycolysis takes place in the

cytosol

The fluidity of the cell membrane is determined by

The lipid content, The amount of cholesterol present, The number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present

In the cell, ______________ is used as energy currency.

ATP

An important product of glycolysis is

ATP

Enzymes act as catalysts to

Decrease the activation energy of a reaction, Increase the rate of a reaction, Mediate the conversion of substrate to product

______________ are derived from vitamins and are necessary for the function of some enzymes.

Coenzymes

The rate of an enzymatic reaction can be regulated by ______________.

pH, temp, concentration

In competitive inhibition, the competitor binds to ______________.

The substrate binding site

What is the final electron acceptor during fermentation?

An organic molecule

Fermentation recycles _______ thus glycolysis can produce more ATP.

NAD+

You are a scientist and you would like to set up a carbon fixation reaction in the test tube. You would like to make glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ​[G3P] from carbon dioxide; you would like to mirror the Calvin-Benson cycle. What should you consider, when you design your experiment?

This will be an endergonic reaction; thus, you will need high energy compounds that can provide the energy, which will be stored in G3P.

Glycolysis produces ATP via

Substrate level phosphorylation

Below is the conversion of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This reaction takes place in the innermitochondrial membrane, and ubiquinone and ubiquinol are two forms of coenzyme Q in theelectron transport chain. Please analyze the following reaction carefully, and choose thestatement which describes it best.

This is a redox reaction, wherein ubiquinone is reduced to ubiquinol and ubiquinone is the oxidizing agent.

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is stored within the

nucleus

A reaction with a delta G of zero:

Is at equilibrium

One of the lines represents a reaction without a catalyst. Could the other line be the energy profile of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

The green and the red lines may represent the same reaction; the red is without a catalyst, and the green is enzyme catalyzed.

Kinases are enzymes that add a(n) ______________ group to proteins.

Phosphoryl

In the citrate cycle, energy from the oxidation of acetyl-CoA is converted to _______

3 moles, NADH, 1 mole FADH2, 1 mole ATP, 2 CO2?

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.

Plasmodesmata

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _

Secrete a lot of protein

Which of the following is false in respect to cells' chromosomes

Chromosomes are only visible as a cell is about to divide

Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a _

Human skin cell

The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the

Nucleoid

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they

have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.

Microfilaments function in cell motility including

muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants

_ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water

Peroxisomes

The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except

Middle lamella

Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton

with motor proteins

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through

The plasma membrane

Cell junctions in plant cells are called __________, and communicating junctions in animal cells are called _________

Plasmodesmata; gap junctions

The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.

nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

Motor proteins

The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.

Central vacuole

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell

Ribosomes

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.

to synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components

Cilia

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions

The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Cells are small because

of the geometric relationships between surface and volume

Animal cells have unique organelles called __________ that are composed of structures called __________.

centrosomes; centrioles

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell

is the cytoskeleton

Which of the following substances would be most likely to pass through the plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?

A nonpolar molecule, such as a hydrocarbon

The sodium-potassium pump _________

transports sodium ions out of the cell and transports potassium ions into the cell

The plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability. This means that __________.

the plasma membrane allows some substances to flow through it more easily than others

Which of these statements describes some aspect of facilitated diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion of solutes may occur through channel or transport proteins in the membrane

How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?

At body temperature, it makes the membrane less fluid

Which of the following statements about passive transport is correct?

Passive transport permits the solute to move in either direction, but the net movement of the population of solute molecules occurs down the concentration gradient of the molecule.

Which of the following cell structures exhibits selective permeability between a cell and its external environment

Plasma membrane

Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane is correct

Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition

What function do carbohydrates fulfill in the plasma membrane?

Call to cell recognition

In facilitated diffusion, __________ proteins provide openings in the plasma membrane for substances to flow through without changing structure, and __________ proteins allow passage of substances through the plasma membrane after undergoing a subtle change in shape

channel; carrier

Cells A and B are the same size, shape, and temperature, but cell A is metabolically less active than cell B; cell B is actively converting oxygen to water in cellular respiration. Oxygen will diffuse more rapidly into cell __________ because ________

B; the diffusion gradient in cell B is steeper

Which of the following would be least likely to diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?

A large polar molecule

Why is energy required for active transport?

Because it moves solutes against their concentration gradient

If a red blood cell and a plant cell were placed in seawater, what would happen to the two types of cells?

Both cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrivel, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall.

Which of the following processes and organelle(s) accounts for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane?

Exocytosis and smooth and rough ER

Which of the following is a correct difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not.

Red blood cells contain approximately a 2% concentration of solutes. A red blood cell is placed into a solution that contains a 4% concentration of solutes to which the cell is not permeable. What will happen to the red blood cell?

The cell will decrease in size as water flows out of it.