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25 Terms

1
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how body immunne system kills bacteria

1. white blood cell; 2. phagocyte; 3. engulf 4. digest 5. lymphocyte; 6. antibody bond to antigen;

2
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bile - alkaline

secreted into the small intestine - neutralises the acidic conditions from the stomach to provide a suitable pH for enzymes to work at. It also emulsifies fats, increasing their surface area so enzymes can digest them more quickly

3
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villi adapted to absorb glucose

  1. large surface area; 2. microvilli ; 3. capillaries; 4. capillaries for concentration gradient 5. one cell thick wall 6. diffusion; 7. active transport;

4
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variation/ resistant qs

1. variation 2. mutation 3. survive 4. reproduce 5. pass on gene 6. process continues over time

5
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anaerobic respiration

2. less oxygen; 3. lactic acid / low pH; 4. denatures enzymes; 5. less energy

6
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mouth digestion

1. amylase; 2. starch; 3. glucose; 4. physical digestion

7
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why cells do not store glucose

soluble, osmotic effect

8
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reflex arc

  1. receptor

  2. sensory neurone

  3. impulse

  4. CNS

  5. synapse

  6. relay neurone

  7. motor neurone

  8. effector

  9. contract;

9
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general enzyme function

  1. specific

  2. catalysts

  3. successful collisions

  4. active ate

  5. enzyme and substrate fit together in complementary shape

  6. optimum temperature and pH

10
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carbohydrate use in plants

  1. cellulose cell wall

  2. starch for energy, attract insects

11
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sickle cell anaemia

  • mutation

  • change in base sequence in gene for meoglobin

  • inherit recessive allele

  • produce abnormal hemoglobin

  • red blood cells have sickle shape

12
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less oxygen because of sickle cell

  1. abnormal hemoglobin

  2. carries less oxygen

  3. red blood cells are sickle shaped

  4. stick together

  5. fewer red blood cells

13
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mechanical digestion

  • break food into smaller pieces

  • by teeth

  • increase surface area

  • for enzymes

  • speeds up chemical digestion

  • easier to swallow

14
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transpiration

  • water evaporates from surface of mesophyll cells

  • water vapour diffuses through stomata out of the leaf

15
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structure of xylem

  1. strong cell wall

  2. lignin - prevent collapse and waterproofing

  3. dead cells - little resistance

16
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epidermis adaptation

  • transparent - allow light to pass through

  • thin

  • stomata - gas exchange

17
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palisade mesophyll adaptation

  • many chloroplasts

  • tightly packed

18
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auxin

  • produced in shoot tip

  • diffuse down the stem

  • collect in the side away from light

  • stimulates greater cell elongation there

19
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root hair cells

  • long and thin

  • thin cell wall

  • large surface area for absorption

  • against concentration gradient

  • require energy

  • many mitrochondria

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water from root hair → stomata

  • water moves up xylem

  • water moves into leaf by osmosis

  • loss of water from lead by evaporation

21
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impulses transmit across synapse

  • neurotransmitters in and diffuse across synaptic cleft

  • binds with recceptor

  • results in an impulse

22
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insulin role

  • hormone

  • controls blood sugar concentration

  • stimulates liver

  • absorb sugar from blood

  • stimulate production of glycogen in cells

  • reduce concentration of glucose in blood

23
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sexual reproduction in flowers

  • genetic variation

  • mutations to be exressed

  • adaption to new conditions

  • alleles from different parents

  • cross pollination

  • colonise new area

  • less competition

  • survive

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self pollination ads

  • greater chance of fertilisation

  • less pollin waste

  • only one plant needed

  • greater chance of pollination

  • pass adapted alleles to offspring

25
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hole in heart/ single circulatory system less efficient

mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated

less oxygenated blood to respiring cells

less aerobic respiration

less energy released

less growth