PSK4U - kinesiology exam flashcards

Ch 1, 5-7, 9-11

3 main energy nutrients

carbohydrates, fats & proteins

What does carbohydrates break down into

glucose

Where is glucose stored & in what form

stored in skeletal muscles & liver

form of glycogen

Metabolism

chemical processes which break down food & convert it into energy

ATP

• full form

• what is it

• what does it turn into

Adenosine triphosphate

• 3 phosphates attached to 1 adenosine by a ribose sugar molecule

• Energy stored inside the tight bonds & is released when ATP is metabolized (phosphate is removed)

• When a ATPase breaks apart bonds, ADP is created

2 energy systems

(which is w/ oxygen, which is w/ out), (where does it occur), (classify the twitch)

1. Anaerobic Systems (w/ out O2)

   • 1st

   • occurs in CYTOPLASM of muscle fibres

   • quick & powerful movements, doesn’t last long

   • Fast Twitch

2. Aerobic Systems (w/ O2)

   • once Anaerobic runs out

   • occurs in MITOCHONDRIA

   • Slow twitch

Anaerobic System

w/ out oxygen

fast twitch

CYTOPLASM

doesn’t last long

• lactic acid buildup due to lack of oxygen

Aerobic

w/ oxygen

slow twitch

MITOCHONDRIA

3 Metabolic Pathways

1. ATP-PC pathway (Anaerobic Alactic)

2. Glycolysis (Anerobic lactic)

3. Cellular Respiration (Aerobic)

ATP-PC System

• classification

• location

• energy source

• oxygen or no

• # of ATP produced

• Duration

• Muscle fibre type

• Advantage / Disadvantage

• (Anaerobic Alactic Sys.)

• Cyptoplasm

• ADP & PC (phosphocreatine)

  ADP + PC —> ATP + creatine

• w/out oxygen

• 1 ATP

• 10-15 sec

• Fast twitch

• Adv: available automatically

  Dis: runs out quickly

ATP-PC energy source

ADP + PC (phosphocreatine) —> ATP + creatine

Glycolysis

• classification

• location

• energy source

• oxygen or no

• # of ATP produced

• Duration

• Muscle fibre type

• Advantage / Disadvantage

• (Anaerobic lactic)

• Cytoplasm

• Glucose (glycogen)

• w/out oxygen

  Lactic acid burn → no oxygen

• 2 ATP per glucose

• 15 sec - 3mins

• Fast twitch

• Adv: produces double ATP

  Dis: burns due to lactic acid since no oxygen/recovery is 30-60 MINs

Glycolysis recovery time

30-60 mins

Glycolysis duration

15 sec - 3 min

Glycolysis energy source

Glucose (glycogen)

Cellular Respiration

• classification

• location

• energy source

• oxygen or no

• # of ATP produced

• Duration

• Muscle fibre type

• Advantage / Disadvantage

• (Aerobic)

• Mitochondria

• Fats, Protein, Glucose

• HAS oxygen

  Glucose + oxygen + ADP + phosphate → Co2 + 36ATP + h20

• 36 ATP produced

• 1 min

• Slow twitch

• Adv: LOTS of ATP

  Dis: 1 day to recover, takes a long time to kick in, muscle fatigue

Cellular Respiration duration kick in

1 min

Cellular Respiration #ATP produced

36 ATPs produced

Cellular Respiration # of rxns

20 rxns

ATP-PC enzyme

creatine kinase

Cellular Respiration Energy Sources

fats, proteins

Aerobic Systems (cellular respiration pathways)

1. glycolysis w/ oxygen (pyruvate)

2. Kreb’s cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

Does fast twist need oxygen or does slow twitch need O2

Slow twitch needs O2

Myoglobin

a protein that stores and delivers oxygen to muscles

• having more myoglobin lets you perform for longer

Hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that delivers oxygen to tissues

Slow-Twitch Muscles

• classification

• myoglobin

• colour

• myosin ATPase

• glycolytic enzyme

• oxidative enzyme

• relative size

• cellular respiration (aerobic)

• aka: slow-oxidative

• MORE myoglobin, OXYGEN delivery

• darker red in colour

• maintain low-level activity for long time (walking) → fatigue resistant

• LOW myosin ATPase, instant energy

• LOW glycolytic enzymes (have o2 instead)

• HIGH oxidative enzymes

• small, weaker contractions (take longer time)

Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibres

• classification

• myoglobin

• colour

• myosin ATPase

• glycolytic enzyme

• oxidative enzyme

• relative size

• Anaerobic

• pale

• larger diameter

• HIGH myosin ATPase (instant energy)_, glycolytic enzymes (glucose)

• 2-3 times faster than slow-twitch

2 major components of nervous system

1. Central Nervous Syst.

   • brain, spinal cord

   • INVOLUNTARY

2. Peripheral Nervous Sys.

   • rest of body

   • involuntary & voluntary

     (Autonomic & Somatic)

Central nervous system

• brain is in control

• controls necessities (movement, sleep, hunger, thirst)

• emotions

• vertebral column provides passway for nerves to travel to organs & tissues

• VC carries sensory info towards brain & motor info towards body

Vertebal column

• what is it, two types of information & their pathways

• passway for nerves to travel to organs & tissues

• Sensory: info to brain

• Motor: info to body

Sensory info goes to the…

brain

Motor info goes to the…

body

Peripheral Nervous Sys.

• two types of nerves, two types of components

• pt of system that lies outside of central nervous sys.

• 12 cranial nervers & 31 pairs of spinal nerves

• EFFERENT (motor) nerves: signals away from central nerv. sys. to body

• AFFERENT (sensory) nerves: signals from sensory recept. to central nerv. sys. (brain)

• Autonomic (involuntary) & Somatic (voluntary) components

Autonomic Nervous System

• Voluntary or Involuntary?

• function, two subcategories

• involuntary contractions

• prepares body for emergencies/regular functioning

1. SYMPATHETIC syst: preps body for emergencies

   • releases adrenaline, increase heart rate, dilate blood vessels

2. PARASYMPATHETIC Sys: returns body to normal once threat is over

Somatic Nervous System

• Voluntary & purposeful movements

• Allows us to cope w/ changing environment & react

1. AFFERENT nerves: info to brain (central nerv. sys)

2. EFFERENT nerves: info to body (skeletal muscles)

Diagram

• Name of system, purpose/location

Diagram answers:

Nervous System:

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

   • Autonomic (communicates with internal organs - involuntary)

     • Sympathetic (emergency response)

     • Parasympathetic (calming response)

   • Somatic (communicates with voluntary muscles - voluntary)

     • Efferent (motor) - signals to body (skeletal muscles)

     • Afferent (sensory) - signals to brain (central nervous sys.)

Reflex Arc

• description and 2 catagories

• The 5 parts

• automatic & rapid responses

• AUTONOMIC SYS.: smooth & cardiac muscles (digestion, elimination, BP, sweating)

• SOMATIC SYS.: skeletal muscles - no brain involved because it’s so quick

5 parts

1. RECEPTOR: receives stimulus

2. SENSORY (afferent) NERVE: carries impulse to spinal cord

3. INTERMEDIATE NERVE FIBER (interneuron): interprets & issues response

4. MOTOR (efferent) NERVE: carries response to muscle/organ

5. EFFECTOR ORGAN: skeletal muscle that carries out response

** THE REFLEX ARC PARTS

1. RECEPTOR: receives stimulus

2. SENSORY (afferent) NERVE: carries impulse to spinal cord

3. INTERMEDIATE NERVE FIBER (interneuron): interprets and issues response

4. MOTOR (efferent) NERVE: carries response to skeletal muscles/organs

5. EFFECTOR ORGAN: skeletal muscle that carries out response

Tension reflex

golgi tendon organs sense change in tension & cause muscle to relax to prevent injury

Crossed-Exterior reflex

when arm or leg automatically compensates for reflex of another arm/leg (Polysynaptic reflex)

Three parts to the cardiovascular system

1. Blood vessels

2. Blood

3. Heart

Main functions of the cardiovascular system

1. Delivery of O2 and other nutrients to tissues in body

2. Removal of CO2 & other waste from tissues

3. Maintenance of constant body temp

4. Prevention of Infection (immune sys.)

3 main blood vessels

1. Arteries

   • oxygenated blood

   • thick walls (high pressure flow)

   • bright red blood

   • AWAY from heart

2. Veins

   • deoxygenated blood

   • thin walls (low pressure)

   • contain valves to prevent backflow

   • dark red

   • TOWARDS heart

3. Capillaries

   • thin vessels

   • deliver O2 & nutrients to cells

   • remove CO2 & waste

   • link veins & arteries

• Exception: pulmonary arteries/veins

Arteries

(5 details)

• oxygenated blood

• AWAY from heart

• thick walls

• high pressure

• bright red blood

Veins

(6 pts)

• deoxygenated blood

• TOWARDS heart

• thin walls

• low pressure

• contains valves to prevent backflow

• dark red blood

Capillaries

(4 pts)

• links arteries & veins

• thin vessels

• deliver O2 & nutrients

• remove CO2 & waste

The components of blood

1. PLASMA (liquid, mostly water + proteins & ions)

2. RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes, TRANSPORT O2 & CO2 w/ help of hemoglobin proteins, gives colour red)

3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes, important in IMMUNE response)

4. PLATELETS (formation of blood clots)

Plasma

• large component of blood

• mostly water

• has proteins & other ions

Red Blood Cells

• 2nd largest component of blood

• transports O2 & CO2 w/ help of hemoglobin proteins

• gives blood red colour

• erythrocytes

White Blood Cells

• 3rd largest component of blood

• important in IMMUNE RESPONSE

• leukocytes

Platelets

• cell fragments

• BLOOD CLOTS

Human Heart

• composed of specialized tissue called cardiac tissue/myocardium

• double pump

• LEFT side:

  • oxygenated to body

  • Systemic Circulation

• RIGHT side:

  • deoxygenated to lungs

  • PULMONARY syst.

• protective layer: PERICARDIUM

Specialized tissue in heart

myocardium

Left Side of Heart

• oxygenated

• brings blood to the body (aorta)

• systemic circulation

Right Side of Heart

• deoxygenated

• brings blood to lungs

• pulmonary system

pericardium

protective layer around heart

6 principles of training

(OPSIRD)

Overload

Progression

Specificity

Individual Differences

Reversibility

Diminishing Returns

Macronutrients

• function

• what they are

direct sources of energy for daily life, physical exercise & work

carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Micronutrients

• what they are

• main function

not direct energy

required for aiding in body processes

minerals & vitamins

Proteins

• function

• types

• breaks down into

• growth & repair, key comp. of hormones, enzymes, immune response, source of energy when others are low

Complete proteins: contains all 20 amino acids from animal products

Incomplete proteins: from vegetables (limited amino acids)

• Breaks into amino acids (20 types, 9 essential)

Carbohydrates

• function

• types

• breaks down into

• main energy source for body

Complex carbohydrates: take longer to absorb (potatoes, fruits, vegetables, whole grain pasta)

Simple carbohydrates: quick energy sources (sugar)

• breaks down into glucose, stored as glycogen in muscles & liver

Fats

• function

• types

• breaks down into

• examples

• source of energy, insulates & protects vital parts of the body

Saturated Fats: (bad fats) from animal products, solids

Unsaturated Fats: (good fats) come from plant sources & take on form of oils, liquids

• breaks down into triglycerides (fatty acids)

• Eg) saturated: meats, butter, dairy

• Eg) unsaturated: vegetable oils, good cholesterol

Physiology

studies the funct of systems and processes (growth & metabolism)

Anatomical Position

1) standing upright, feet flat on floor

2) arms to side

3) facing observer

4) palms facing forward

The three planes of the body

1- Frontal Plane (into front/back)

2- Sagittal Plane (into left/right)

3- Transverse Plane (into up/down)

Frontal Plane

divides body into front & back sections

• antero-posterior axis

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left & right

• horizontal axis

Transverse Plane

divides body into top & bottom

• longitudinal axis

3 Axis of the Body

1- Longitudinal (extends from head to toe)

2- Horizontal (extends from side to side)

3- Anterior-Posterior (extends from bellybutton to back)

Longitudinal Axis

extends from head to toes

• paired with transverse plane

Anterior-Posterior Axis

extends through bellybutton

• paired with FRONTAL plane

Horizontal Axis

extends from side to side

• paired with SAGITTAL

Movement (axes and planes)

• movement occurs ON the plane

• SAGITTAL: can perform in NARROW hallway

• FRONTAL: HIT NARROW hallway

  • TRANSVERSE: rotation

Plane & Axis of basketball free throw

Plane: sagittal

Axis: horizontal

Plane & Axis of shaking head no

Plane: transverse

Axis: longitudinal

Plane & Axis of shrugging shoulders

Plane: sagittal

Axis: horizontal

Plane & Axis of cartwheel

plane: frontal

axis: anterior-posterior

Anterior

front

eg) nose

opp: posterior

Posterior

back

eg) latissimus dorsi

opp: anterior

superior

above waist

eg) eyes

opp: inferior

inferior

below waist

eg) inferior vena cava

opp: superior

medial

towards midline

eg) bellybutton, pinkie finger

opp: lateral

lateral

away from midline

eg) arms, thumb

opp: medial

proximal

towards point of attachment

eg) shoulders

opp: distal

distal

away from point of attachment

eg) phalanges

opp: proximal

superfical

closer to surface

eg) skin

opp: deep

deep

inside/within surface

eg) heart

opp: superfical

flexion

movement of 2 bones, DECREASING the angle @ joint

eg) bicep curls

opp: extension

extension

movement of 2 bones, INCREASING the angle @ joint

eg) bicep curls

opp: flexion

abduction

movement AWAY from midline

eg) lat raises

opp: adduction

adduction

movement TOWARDS midline (ADDING)

eg) lat raises

opp: abduction

Internal rotation

rotating limb TOWARDS midline

eg) close the gate

External rotation

rotating limb AWAY from midline

eg) open the gate

Circumduction

circular motion combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

non-stop, circular

eg) arm circles

Supination

lateral rotation of hand so palm faces forward

(ask soup)

Pronation

medial rotation of the hand so palm faces down

(pros)

Protraction

movement in ANTERIOR direction

eg) bringing shoulders forward

opp: retraction

Retraction

movement in POSTERIOR direction

eg) bringing shoulders back

opp: protraction

Dorsiflexion

movement that DECREASES angle between ankle & foot

Plantar Flexion

movement that INCREASES angle between ankle & foot

(plant)