PSL 310-Hematology

PSL 310 exam 4

what are the two components of whole blood

plasma and formed elements

what percentage of blood is plasma

55%

what percentage of blood is formed elements

45%

what are the three components of plasma

plasma proteins, other solutes, and water

what percentage of plasma is plasma proteins

7%

what percentage of plasma is other solutes

1%

what percentage of plasma is water

92%

What are the functions of albumin in plasma

they contribute to plasma osmotic pressure and they are non specific transporters of lipid and steroid hormones in the plasma

what are the types of globulins

transport globulins and immunoglobulins

what is an immunoglobulin

a part of the immune system

immunoglobulin funciton

they neutralize pathogens

what is the function of fibrinogen

a soluble protein in the plasma from which fibrin is produced, it helps in the formation of blood clots when converted to insoluble form

what is a zymogen

an inactive enzyme

what are the regulatory proteins in plasma

enzymes, proenzymes, and hormones

what is the function of electrolytes in the plasma

cell function and osmotic pressure regulation

what are organic nutrients in plasma

fatty acids, carbohydrates, and amino acids

what are organic wastes in the plasma

urea, creatine, and uric acid

what are the primary functions of plasma

transportation and exchange

what are the secondary functions of plasma

immunity, thermoregulation, coagulation, fluid volume balance, and pH balance

what is the difference between plasma and serum

they are similar but serum has no clotting factors

when would you get a plasma transfusion

when you need to replace clotting factors

what is a hematocrit

a test used to determine the percentage of rbcs in circulation

how is a hematocrit preformed

blood is placed in a heparinized tube and centrifuged so the blood is separated by density

what are the three layer of whole blood samples will separate to in a micro centrifuge

plasma, Buffy coat, and erythrocytes

what is within a Buffy coat

wbcs and platelets

what is packed cell volume (PCV)

the volume of rbcs packed at the bottom of the test tube

why are wbcs higher in the tube than rbcs

they are less dense

why is the automated method of determining a hematocrit more accurate than the manual way

traditional counts are typically over estimated due to plasma between rbcs. the automated method counts the number of rbcs and determines their mean corpuscular volume

how do you calculate hematocrit

number of rbcs x the mean corpuscular volume

what is the female hematocrit range

35-45%

what is the male hematocrit range

40-50%

why is the range for hematocrit larger in males

males produce more testosterone, including erythropoiesis

is being anemic a clear indication of a low rbc count

no, anemia is the low capacity to carry oxygen, this can cause low iron or B12

if you have a low rbc count would this indicate you being anemic

yes

polycythemia

the term for a high rbc count

what are the characteristics of a dehydration hematocrit

low plasma

if you perform a manual calculation of hematocrit for someone who is dehydrated would the person appear anemic or polycythemia

polycythemia

what is primary polycythemia

cancer in the bone marrow

what is secondary polycythemia

natural rbc production

when does secondary polycythemia occur

due to increased eythroopoietin production, in response to chronic hypoxia , low blood o2, or testosterone

how does secondary polycythemia occur in the kidneys

renal EPO (REP) cells secrete EOP when they sense low oxygen tension in the kidney

what situations promote secondary polycythemia

training at a high altitude helps to promote primary polycythemia

how is erythropoiesis stimulated in response to high altitude

at higher altitudes the oxygen concentration decrease, this will stimulate the body to produce more rbcs.

why is erythropoiesis stimulated in response to high altitude

due to chemoreceptors the are located in the kidney, JG cells which sense low oxygen concentration in the blood

what happens when erythropoietin is secreted

they will stimulate stem cell differentiation into rbcs in the bone marrow

what hormones stimulate erythropoiesis

erythropoietin, testosterone, GH and TH

what are the methods employed for blood doping

testosterone and EPO are used for blood doping, you can also take blood out of your own body and reinfect it

why is blood doping bad besides being illegal

it can result in hyperttrophic heart failure and hypertension

what are the 3 components of formed elements

platelets, rbcs, and wbcs

how much of formed elements do rbcs make up

99%

how much of formed elements do wbcs make up

0.1%

how much of formed elements do platelets make up

0.1%

what is an ak