Chapter 1: Intro to the Human Body

what is anatomy?

study of the body’s structure

what is physiology?

study of the body’s function

what are the two levels of study for anatomy?

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

what are the simplest to complex levels of organization of the body? (6)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

what is the chemical level?

atoms combine to form molecules

what is the cellular level?

cells are made up of molecules

what is the tissue level?

tissues are group of similar cells that have a common function

what is the organ level

organs are made up of different types of tissues

what is the organ system level

organs that work closely together

what is the organismal level

human organism is made up of many organ systems

how many organ systems do humans have?

11

name all organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

what makes up the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

what makes up the skeletal system?

bones, cartilages, joints

what makes up the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

what makes up the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors, nerves

what makes up the endocrine system?

Penal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, testes (male), ovaries (female)

what makes up the lymphatic system?

lymph nodes, lymph vessels

what makes up the respiratory system?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

what makes up the digestive system?

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum

what makes up the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

what makes up the reproductive system? (male)

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, testes, penis, scrotum

what makes up the reproductive system? (female)

mammary glands, uterine tubes, ovaries, uterus, vagina

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

protects, vitamin D synthesis, sensory reception, cools body

what are the functions of the skeleton system?

support and protection, framework for muscles, hematopoiesis, mineral storage

what are the functions of the muscular system?

movement, posture, facial expressions, produce heat

what are the functions of the nervous system?

fast-acting control system of the body, responds by activating appropriate muscles and glands

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

slow-acting control system of the body, glands secrete hormones that regulate normal processes of life

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

returns excesss fluid from blood vessels to bloodstream, involved in immunity

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

heart pumps blood, blood vessels transports blood, blood contains O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, waste

what makes up the cardiovascular system?

heart, blood vessels, blood

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

constantly supply blood with O2 and remove CO2

what are the functions of the digestive system?

digests food for cellular absorption, eliminate undigested food as feces

what are the functions of the urinary system?

Eliminate nitrogen containing waste, regulates, water, electrolyte, and acid base balance

what are the functions of the reproductive system?

produce offspring

what is the sum of all chemical reactions of the body called?

metabolism

what are the two types of metabolism?

anabolism and catabolism

what is anabolism?

buildup of larger substances from simpler ones

what is catabolism?

breakdown of large molecule into simpler ones

what is growth?

increase in cell size, number, and complexity

what is differentiation?

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

what is movement?

locomotion of an organism or movement of materials

what is homeostasis?

maintenance of internal stability

what can all living things do? (BAD GERM HEM)

Boundaries: maintain distinct internal and external environments

Adapt: react to stimuli

Digest: break down food

Grow: increase in size and complexity

Energy: obtain and utilize energy

Reproduce: offspring

Metabolize: carry out chemical reactions

Homeostasis: maintain internal stability

Excrete: eliminate waste

Movement

what do all living things need?

nutrients, oxygen, water, constant body temp (37C/98.6F), constant atmospheric pressure for gas exchange

substances in food that the body uses to function, grow, and stay healthy is?

nutrients

what is the primary energy source for the body?

carbohydrates

nutrients that build body structures and act as enzymes are called?

proteins

nutrients that store energy, form cell membrane, and insulate are called?

lipids

what are vitamins?

organic compounds needed in small amounts for proper function

what are minerals?

inorganic elements needed in small amounts for proper function

food + ? = energy

oxygen

what is the normal body temperature?

37 degrees Celsius

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

homeostasis imbalance = ?

disease

disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

chemical reactions require?

enzymes

denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor, resulting in loss of biological function