Studied by 778 people
JHHS APUSH
Republican Mother
idea that women had a special responsibility to teach young children the values which are important to be a citizen.
Deism
spiritual belief that god/higher being created universe but is more hand off
Second Great Awakening
starting in the 1790s, it was a religious revival which helped spread religion to western regions, driving up church membership and featured ‘camp meetings’. It preached that God must be in people’s daily lives and people had to reject skeptical rationalism.
Samuel Slater
inventor who took information from England to build a spinning mill in Rhode Island in 1790.
Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin
Inventor or invention which made cotton production exponentially faster and more profitable. Some historians argue without this invention, that slavery may not have been as profitable or long lived.
Robert Fulton
American inventor who helped perfect the steamboat and brought it to the attention of the nation. His boat, the Clermont, sailed the Hudson River.
Revolution of 1800
presidential election which saw the first peaceful transfer of power from one party to another. In this election, a Democratic Republican was elected who gave this election this nickname, inferring that it was much like our War for Independence.
Barbary Pirates
After Jefferson refused to pay this group bribes for passage to the Mediterranean Sea for trade, he raised a navy and sent the Marines to fight this group, eventually settling the disputes.
Midnight Appointments/Midnight Judges
federal court nominations by John Adams and approved by his Federalist Congress shortly before Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans took office. It is seen as a shrewd political move.
Marbury v. Madison
a hugely important Supreme Court case during John Marshall’s time as Chief Justice. It declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the idea of judicial review, which strengthened the Supreme Court as an equal branch to the other branches of government.
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Marbury v. Madison and other cases that established the Supreme Court as a powerful government entity.
Judicial Review
the power, established in Marbury v. Madison, which gives the Supreme Court the power to call laws made by Congress unconstitutional or acts of the Executive Branch unconstitutional.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 buying of a large portion of US land, doubling the size of the United States from France. It was considered controversial because it raised constitutional questions.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Adventurous trek by American explorers to map the Louisiana Territory. It established contact with numerous Native American tribes, collected plant and animal specimens, and charted much of the new territory.
Impressment
practice by British to capture sailors and force them into the service of their navy.
Embargo Act of 1807
law to ban trade with ALL nations outside of United States to avoid conflict with Britain and France amid the Napoleonic Wars between the two European Countries.
Non-Intercourse Act
a law that followed up the Embargo Act of 1807, which allowed for US trade with other countries, but not Britain or France. It tried to attract trade with each by inviting trade if they lifted their restrictions on importing goods.
William Henry Harrison
leader and representative in the Northwest famous for fighting Native tribes before and during the war of 1812. He would go on to be elected President in 1840.
Tecumseh
leader of a confederation of Native tribes in the Northwest who convinced his confederation to fight against westward expansion of whites, as he saw it as the only way for Native survival.
The Battle of Tippecanoe
November 7, 1811 battle and turning point of Tecumseh and his confederation when they were defeated and put into disarray by William Henry Harrison’s forces.
War Hawks
Nickname of the Democratic Republicans in Congress that pushed Monroe and his government wards war with the British in 1812.
Andrew Jackson
Hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. He went on to fight native tribes and later on to be elected as “common man” president. He is known for vetoes, limiting government, and Indian Removal.
War of 1812
War between British and United States over impressment and Native attacks on white settlers in the West, which is seen as the war that made the US a power in foreign affairs.
Battle of New Orleans
final battle in the War of 1812 where the United States had a decisive victory over the British. It propelled General Andrew Jackson to fame as a war hero.
Hartford Convention
December 1814 where Federalists met to protest the War of 1812. They saw it as a war caused by slaveholders and backwoodsmen. They proposed several amendments and even some radicals hinted at secession.
Treaty of Ghent
Treaty that ended the War of 1812. It made very little changes on paper between the United States and Britain, but led to the US being seen as a more powerful nation and better relations over time between the two nations.
Second Bank of the United States
National financial institution founded in 1816 after the nation saw weakness in the economy during the War of 1812. It was supported and opposed by different groups regionally.
Francis Cabot Lowell/Lowell System
factory system where women lived near textile factories in dormitory style living and were encouraged or forced to live by good morals.
American System/Internal Improvements
Plan by Henry Clay to do infrastructure projects, enact a protective tariff, and use the National Bank to connect regional economies into a national one.
National Road
infrastructure project that was a road connecting the east coast near Virginia to the Ohio River Valley, eventually extending all the way to St. Louis.
Robert Fulton/Steamboat
new invention or its inventor that allowed travel against the current in rivers.
Era of Good Feelings
Time period roughly from 1815
James Monroe
Democratic Republican President elected in 1816 who served two terms. He was President during the Era of Good Feelings.
Adams Onis Treaty
Treaty between Spain and US that sold Florida to US and defined a Texas and US boundary
Panic of 1819
following the economic boom after the War of 1812, the country saw failures of state banks, a tightening of credit at the national bank, and many foreclosures on mortgages, in part due to over speculation of western lands. This was during Monroe’s presidency.
Missouri Compromise
an agreement in Congress that settled the question of whether slavery would be permitted into new states carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. It made Maine a free state, Missouri a slave state, balanced Senate representation, and set up a new boundary for slave or free territory going forward.
John Marshall/Marshall Court
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court or the nickname for the court under him that set a number of landmark cases as precedent for federal power.
Worcester v. Georgia
1832 Supreme Court decision which said it was not the job of the state of Georgia to regulate relations between citizens and the Cherokee nation. It validated the federal government's power to regulate relations with Native tribes and also recognized the sovereignty, self government, and lands of the Cherokee people. Congress and Andrew Jackson ignored this law when forcing Indian Removal.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 declaration or policy where the US stated they would prevent European powers from trying to conquer former colonies after they sought independence in the Western Hemisphere. It showed American confidence and determination in foreign policy.
Corrupt Bargain
nickname of the 1824 Presidential Election, because despite Andrew Jackson winning the popular vote and the most electoral votes, he failed to win a majority in the Electoral College. The election was determined by the House of Representatives, which gave the election to John Quincy Adams, and thereafter he named Henry Clay his Secretary of State.
Tariff of Abominations
nickname of the Tariff of 1828. It was felt by Southerners especially to be targeted at them and they saw prices of imported goods skyrocket. It led to nullification by South Carolina.
Alexis de Tocqueville
French historian, philosopher, and political scientist who came to the US in 1831 to study democracy and bring his findings back to France. He wrote his observations in Democracy in America.
Whigs
political party in the Second Party System which emerged in response to Jackson and the Democrats. It favored a loose constitutional construction, supporting industry, and was favored in the Northeast.
Democrats
the political party of Andrew Jackson. It was favored in the South and parts of the West, and was the party of the ‘common man’. It favored a small federal government, states rights, and a strict construction of the constitution.
Spoils System
belief that the winner of election should be able to reward their supporters with positions in government. It also went against the practice where some government officials were in their positions for long periods of time.
John C. Calhoun
Secretary of War under Madison, VP under John Quincey Adams and Andrew Jackson’s first term, then a US Senator from South Carolina who believed in Nullification in regards to the 1828 Tariff.
Nullification
theory that states could call a federal law unconstitutional. A state that thinks they have this right would argue that the constitution gets its powers from the states due to the ratification process, so therefore the states have the right and power to say federal laws are unconstitutional and therefore don’t have to follow them.
Henry Clay
creator of the “American System” idea of integrating teh regional economies of the US through internal improvements, a renewed national bank, and a protective tariff. He was a representative and the Speaker of the House from Kentucky. He was made Secretary of State by John Quincey Adams in the Corrupt Bargain and later was a US Senator from Kentucky.
Force Bill
1833 law by Congress that gave Jackson the power to use the US military to enforce tariff laws.
Indian Removal Act
law passed by Congress and signed by Jackson which allowed Congress to negotiate over 100 treaties to move Natives off their land in the southeast. It was debatable because of the Worcester v. Georgia case.
Trail of Tears
term for the forced path that the Cherokee and other native peoples from the American southeast took on their move to reservations in the west as part of the Indian Removal.
Pet Banks
banks where the federal deposits were put as the Second Bank of the United States was shut down. It was largely seen as an assist to these banks and that it showed favoritism.
Democrats
the party of Andrew Jackson and part of the Second Party System. This party liked states rights, a strict constitutional construction, and was favored in the South and West.
Martin Van Buren
The eighth president of the United States, elected in 1836. He was Andrew Jackson’s VP and a Democrat. He was president during the Panic of 1837 from the end of the national bank.
Specie Circular
gold and silver as currency or backing currency. Andrew Jackson supported a policy that this type of currency be used for speculation of lands to avoid financial crises.
Panic of 1837
five year long economic depression in the US, partly due to Jackson’s veto of the national bank and its ending.
Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign
campaign of William Henry Harrison for President as a Whig, where they tried to portray him as a common man.
Vice President/President John Tyler
Man who was VP under Harrison and then became president upon Harrison’s dying.
Webster Ashburton Treaty
1842 treaty between Britain and US to settle disputed lands between the state of Maine and Canada
Nativism
feeling or sentiment that people born in the United States are superior to immigrants and that immigrants should not be allowed in or should be treated like a lesser class.
Know Nothings/American Party
short lived political party that tried to advance Nativism in the 1840s
Erie Canal
internal improvement, completed in 1825, which connected the Hudson River in New York to the Great Lakes. It helped connect the Northeast to the Northwest, or Midwest, and make New York City very profitable.
Railroads
this transportation system eventually interconnected cities and regions of the country, harnessing steam power. It replaced canals and boats as a primary means of transportation for materials and goods. Vehicles on this transportation say choo choo.
Magnetic Telegraph
invention by Samule Morse to send electrical signals through wire routed near railways to get quicker information spread across regions of the country.
Market Economy
a free market economic system. Supply and demand determine prices, and competition helps regulate the economy. The government has little regulation over this type of system.
Interchangeable Parts
an idea, championed by Eli Whitney and teh Springfield gun manufacturer, that established the idea that machines and different goods should be manufactured in such a way that each piece can be duplicated by machine. This in theory would eliminate the need for many artisans making parts from start to finish and help factories thrive.
Cult of Domesticity
idea that middle class women had a role to play in making a nice home for their working husband and taking care of their children.
McCormick Reaper
machine invented and later built in Chicago which helped farmers separate wheat grain faster and made a surplus of food and farming more profitable.
