Studied by 19 peopleEcumene
A variety of community types with a range of population densities.
Rural
Areas (farms and villages) with low concentration of people.
Urban
Areas (cities) with high concentrations of people.
Suburbs
Are primarily residential areas near cities.
Settlement
A place with a permanent human population.
Factors Driving Urbanization
Presence of an agricultural surplus; the rise of social stratification and a leadership class or urban elite; the beginning of job specialization are all factors of
Urbanization
The process of developing towns and cities.
Percent Urban
An indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas.
Site
Describes the characteristics at the immediate location.
Situation
Refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places.
City-State
Consisted of an urban center (the city) and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages.
Urban Hearth
Early city-states emerged in several locations around the globe in this form. It's an area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soild allowed for an agricultural surplus.
Urban Area
Usually defined as a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburbs.
City
A higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries.
Metropolitan Area (metro area)
A collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density is high and continuous.
Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
Another way to define a city. Consists of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located.
Micropolitan Statistical Area
Are cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration.
Nodal Region
Focal point on a matrix of connections.
Morphology
Physical characteristics, such as the buildings, streets, public places, and home that can also describe an urban area.
Population Characteristics of cities (3)
Heterogeneity, immigration, and diversity are characteristics of
Time-Space Compression
The form of transportation improvements, that has led to urban growth.
Borchert's Transportation Model
Used to describe urban growth based on transportation technology.
Transportation impacts on cities
Had important effects on the urban structure leading to a decline in pedestrian cities.
Pedestrian Cities
Are the earliest urban centers, cities shaped by the distances people could walk
Streetcar Suburbs
Communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often creating a pinwheel shaped city.
Communications impacts on cities
Had dramatic impacts on the growth and development of cities. Cities connected to trade routes received information first.
Population and migration impacts on cities
Population growth pressure, cultural tension, environmental strain, and lack of economic opportunities created puch factors in agricultural communities.
Economic development and government policies impact on cities
Cities are now viewed as engines of growth for a country's economy. Consequently, economic and political leaders, at the national and local scale, develop policies to guide and encourage the growth of cities.China implemented the new urbanization plan. Cities in the Midwest of the United States, such as Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Chicago, were often focused on attracting manufacturing jobs; while cities in Florida, such as Orlando and Tampa , promoted development based retirement and tourism.
Suburbanization
The process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas on the outskirts of cities.
Causes of USA suburbanization
Causes that contributed to this were after World War 2.
Boomburgs
A specific process that encourages sprawl.
Edge Cities
Nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities.
Counterurbanization (Deurbanization)
The counter-flow of urban residents leaving cities.
Exurbs
The propserous residential districts beyond the suburbs.
Megacities
Have a population of more than 10 million people.
Metacities
Sometimes called hypercities, are defined in two ways.
Megalopolis
A term for the early 1900's that describe a chain of connected cities.
Conurbation
An uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities.
Trend of urbanization in the developing world
The pattern has changed unlike in the past century where megacities were found at centers of large empires or the most powerful countries, they have now become more common in LDCs.
World Cities (Global Cities)
Cities that exert influence far beyond the national boundaries. Cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and Paris.
Urban Hierarchy
Ranking, based on influence or population size.
Top 10 World Cities 2020
London, New York City, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore, Amsterdam, Berlin, Seoul, Hong Kong, Shanghai.
Nodal Cities
Command centers on a regional and occassionally nation level.
Urban Systems
An interdependent set of cities that interact on the regional, national, and global scale.
Rank-size Rule
Describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region may develop.
High-order Services
Usually expensive, need a larger number of people to support, and are only occassionally utilized.
Low-order Services
Usually less expensive, require a small population to support, and are used on a daily or weekly basis.
Primate Cities
Is more developed than other cities in the system, and consequency, disproportionately more powerful.
Gravity Model
States that larger and closer places will have more interactions than places that are smaller and farther from each other.
Central Place Theory (CPT)
Is used to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region.
Central Place
A location where people go to recieve goods and services.
Market Area
A zone that contains people who will purchase goods or services, surrounds each central place.
Hinterland
The outlying towns and small communities that rely on the central city for goods and services.
Threshold
The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and remain profitable.
Range
The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services.
Limitations of CPT
Assumes a flat, featureless plain. It does not take into account the effects of natural landscapes of rivers, mountains, or other barriers on the distribution of cities.
Expected changed in US cities by 2040
As millenials have started families, they have relocated out of central cities into enclaves inspired by new urbanist designs. In the future, self-driving cars and other new technology could reduce the friction of distance. Voluntary segregation will likely continue, and the number of ethnic neighborhoods will flourish.
Expected changes in megacities in Asia and Africa by 2040.
The economic, social, and educational opportunities these cities offer will continue to pull in migration from rural areas. If growth exceeds carrying capacity, the standard of living will deteriorate. The increasigly dense concentration of people will increase the impacts of deadly epidemics, natural disasters, etc.
Function of Urban Models (3)
Concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models.
Functional Zonation
The idea that portions of an urban area-regions, or zones, within the city-have a specific and distinct purposes.
Central Business District (CBD)
A vital part of an urban model, which is the commercial heart of a city.
Bid-rent Theory
Explains agricultural land use, just as it helps explain land use in central business districts.
Industrial/Commercial Zones
Provide areas suitable for the operation and protection of a range of larger-scale commercial and industrial businesses and processes.
Commensal Relationship
When commercial interests benefit each other.
Residential Zones
Areas where people live.
Concentric Zone Model
Describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district.
Sector Model (Hoyt's Model)
Describes sectors of land use for low-, medium-, and high-income housing.
Multiple-nuclei Model
This model suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes.
Peripheral Model
A variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway.
Galactic City Model
The model represents a city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.
European Cities Characteristics
A mix of public services and private firms, including a robust body of middle class and lower middle class public sector workers.
Middle Eastern/Islamic Cities Chair
The central feature of an Islamic city, such as a mosque, a bazaar, or a citadel that are centered on the principles of Islam.
Griffin-Ford Model (Latin American)
Often used to describe Latin American cities.
Barrios/Favelas/Shantytowns
Neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness. Area of poorly built housing.
Characteristic of African Cities
Characterized by their growth, urban macrocephaly, informality and colonial heritage.
Squatter Settlements
Defined as a low residential area, which has developed without legal right to the land or permission from the concerned authorities to build.
Characteristic of Southeast Asian Cities
High-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery.
Zoning Ordinances
Regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions may be used.
Urban Planning
A process of promoting growth and controlling change in land use.
Residential Density Gradient
As one moves farther from the inner city, population and housing-unit density declines, and types of housing change.
McMansion
A slang term that describes a large, often opulent or ostentatious, mass-produced house.
Filtering
Process where houses pass from one social group to another.
Invasion and Succession
Refers to the process by which one social or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering.
Urban Infill
The process of increasing the residential density of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences.
Big-Box retail stores
Stores include Walmart, Target, Home Depot, and Lowe's. Each of these retailers has large physical locations and offers a wide selection of products and services for purchase.
Suburbanization of Business
"The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter.
The difference in residential land use outside vs. inside the US
Residential land use is how land is used for housing purposes. It reflects a city's culture, technology and development
Infrastructure
Critical to the functioning of any city, the facilities and systems that serve the population. Any city has many elements of this.
Municipal(ity)
This term refers to the local government of a city or town and the services it provides.
Annexation
The process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory.
Incorporation
The act of legally joining together to form a new city.
Bedroom Communities
These communities usually lack a true CBD.
Unincorporated Areas
Populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality.
How infrastructure varies in countries.
"Infrastructure varies in countries depending on their level of development, resources, geography, culture, and policies.
Public Transportation
A solution to moving people around an urban area with the use of buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a government agency.
Impact of the car in urban areas
Reducing the density of people and employment.
Where the wealthy choose to live
Live in places with more educational opportunities, and the neighborhood has better access to healthcare and better housing.
Note
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