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The state of matter that changes significantly with pressure and temperature
gas
•Gases have relatively ____ densities.
low
Gases form a solution in any _______
proportions
arises from the force exerted by atmospheric gases on the earth’s surface; decreases with altitude
atmospheric pressure
devices used to measure the pressure of a gas in an experiment.
Manometer
a gas that exhibits linear relationships among these variables (pressure, temp, moles, and volume)
ideal gas
do ideal gases exist?
no
At constant temperature, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the external pressure.
Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law
V 1/P
At constant pressure, the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute (Kelvin) temperature
Charles law
charles law
V T
at fixed temperature and pressure, equal volumes of any ideal gas contain equal numbers of particles (or moles).
avagadros law
STP
1 atm and 0 degrees Celsius,
standard molar volume
22.4 L
is the volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas at STP.
standard molar volume
The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture
partial pressure
the total pressure in a mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
Dalton’s Law of partial pressures
At a given T, all gases in a sample have the same….
average kinetic energy
Kinetic energy depends on both the
mass and the speed of a particle
At the same T, a heavier gas particle moves more _____ than a lighter one.
slowly
the process by which a gas escapes through a small hole in its container into an evacuated space.
effusion
the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
Graham’s law of effusion
Real gases deviate most from ideal behavior at __ temperature and __ pressure
low; high
adjusts the ideal gas law to take into account for the real volume of the gas particles and the effect of interparticle attractions
van der Waals equation
Each physical state of matter is a ____, a physically distinct, homogeneous part of a system.
phase
The properties of each phase are determined by the balance between the _***and *** energy of the particles
potential, kinetic
The ____ energy, in the form of ____ ____, tends to draw particles together
potential; attractive forces
The potential energy, in the form of attractive forces, tends to draw particles together
average speed
found within a molecule
intramolecular forces (or bonding forces)
found between all molecules with partial charge, or between ions and molecules
intermolecular forces (or nonbonding forces)
The physical behavior of each phase of matter is different because ….
the strength of these forces differ from state to state.
gas has ____ attractions
no
liquid has ____ attractions
stronger
solid has ___________ attractions
predominant
compressibility of a gas is…
high
compressibility of a liquid is…
very low
compressibility of a solid is….
almost none
what is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy of particles?
direct relationship
what is the relationship between temp and attractive forces in a particle?
inverse relationship
solid to liquid
melting/fusion
liquid to gas
vaporizing
gas to liquid
condensing
liquid to solid
freezing
solid to gas
sublimation
gas to solid
deposition
the heat released/gained as the substance changes from liquid to gas
heat of vaporization
the heat released/gained as the substance changes from liquid to solid
heat of fusion
Within a phase, heat flow is accompanied by a
change in temp
During a phase change, heat flow occurs at…
constant temp
Shows the change in temperature of a sample when heat is absorbed or released.
heating-cooling curve
where molecules are leaving and entering the liquid at the same rate in a closed flask
dynamic equilibrium
vapor pressure and temperature have a ____ relationship
direct
This equation relates vapor pressure to temperature.
clausius-clapeyron equation
•the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the external pressure.
boiling point
•is observed at standard atmospheric pressure or 760 torr.
normal boiling point
As the external pressure on a liquid increases, the boiling point….
increases
the densities of the liquid and gas phases become equal
critical point
all three phases are in equilibrium
triple point
Intermolecular forces are relatively ___ compared to bonding forces
weak
Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract
coulomb’s law
one-half the closest distance between the nuclei of two nonbonded atoms
van der Waals radius
the distance between two nonbonded atoms in adjacent molecules
van der Waals distance
The Van Der waals radius is always ___ than the covalent radius
large
the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
bond length
one-half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the same element in a molecule
covalent radius
periodic table trends for covalent and van der Waals radii
increase down and to the left
the basis of attraction in a metallic bond is….
cations-delocalized electrons
ion charge- dipole charge
ion-dipole
polar bond to H- dipole charge
h bond
dipole charges
dipole dipole
ion charge- polarizable electron cloud
ion induced dipole
dipole charge- polarizable electron cloud
dipole induced dipole
polarizable electron cloud
dispersion (London)
is possible for molecules that have a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atom with lone electron pairs, specifically N, O, or F.
hydrogen bonding
the ease with which its electron cloud is distorted.
polarizability
Smaller particles are ____ polarizable
less
trend for polarizability on periodic table
increase down a group and decreases left to right
arises when an instantaneous dipole in one particle induces a dipole in another, resulting in an attraction between them
dispersion/London forces
stronger for more polarizable particles.
dispersion forces
intramolecular forces are _________ than intermolecular forces
stronger
the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid
surface tension
The stronger the forces between the particles the ___ the surface tension
higher
surface tension decreases with ….
increasing temp
the rising of a liquid through a narrow space against the pull of gravity
capillarity (capillary action)
the resistance of a fluid to flow; Results from intermolecular attractions that impede the movement of molecules around and past each other
viscosity
viscosity and intermolecular attractions have a ______ relationship
direct
viscosity and temp have __ relationship
inverse
water is the perfect solvent bc
•High specific heat capacity
•High heat of vaporization
•High surface tension
•High capillarity
have well defined shapes due to the orderly arrangement of their particles
Crystalline solids
lack orderly arrangement and have poorly defined shapes.
Amorphous solids
composed of particles packed in an orderly three-dimensional array called the crystal lattice
crystal
smallest portion of a crystal lattice that yields the crystal if it is repeated in all directions
unit cell
the number of nearest neighbors of a particle in a crystal.
coordination number
Note 
Flashcard (61)