Anatomy Quiz 6 (Dara)

EDV

EDV

• end diastolic volume

• ventricle volume before contraction

• 130 mL

ESV

• end systolic volume

• ventricle volume after contraction

• 70 mL

SV meaning and formula

• SV = EDV -ESV

• blood pumped by one ventricle during contraction (one beat)

• 60% of EDV

CO meaning and formula

• cardiac output

• CO = HR * SV

• volume pumped by LV in one minute

• mL/min

Frank-Starling Principle

filling the heart with more blood leads to more blood out (more in, more out)

more muscle stretch corresponds to (more/less) blood coming in

more

SNS (dilates/constricts) bronchioles

dilates

SNS (dilates/constricts) peripheral vessels

contricts

singultus

hiccups

(upper/lower) respiratory system filters, warms, and humidifies air

upper

the larynx is in the (upper/lower) respiratory system

lower

first structure of the lower respiratory system

larynx

pharynx is part of the (upper/lower) respiratory system

upper

structures of the lower respiratory system (5)

• larynx

• trachea

• bronchus

• bronchioles

• alveoli

voicebox

larynx

structure in which the epiglottis is located

larynx

chemical that allows the lung capillaries to regulate blood volume and BP

angiotensin II

the (right/left) lung is broader

broader because the heart is on the left

number of lobes in the right lung

3

number of lobes in the left lung

2

area between the right and left lung

mediastinum

the (right/left) lung is longer

left because the diaphragm on the right rises more to accommodate the liver

separation between lobes in the lung

fissures

space in which the heart pushes the left lung

cardiac notch

segments of the pharynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

where the larynx and pharynx meet

laryngeal inlet

position of the epiglottis during swallowing

bends over the glottis to cover the larynx/ariway

epiglottis cartilage type

elastic

types of cartilage in the larynx

• thyroid cartilage (hyaline)

• cricoid cartilage (hyaline)

• epiglottis (elastic)

hyaline cartilage is (more/less) flexible than elastic cartilage

less

what hyaline cartilage is made from

chondrocytes

synonym for Adam’s Apple

laryngeal prominence

location of laryngeal prominence/Adam’s Apple

thyroid cartilage of the larynx

composition of thyroid and cricoid cartilage

hyaline cartilage

cause of thyroid cartilage elongation during puberty

androgens

surgery to reduce size of the Adam’s Apple

chondrolaryngoplasty

functions of the larynx (3)

• patent airway

• switching mechanism to route food and air to appropriate destination

• voice production

structure in which vocal cords are located

larynx

shape of glottis during normal breathing

triangular slit

voice comment controlled by vocal cord tension

pitch

windpipe

trachea

structure that close the glottis during swallowing

false vocal cords and epiglottis

property of sounds controlled by adjusting the force of air going across the vocal cords

loudness

epithelium type of the esophagus

stratified

trachealis muscle type and function

• smooth

• adjust diameter of trachea

• adjust resistance to air flow

components of respiratory defense system (4)

• nasal filtration

• mucous

• cilia (mucociliary escalator)

• alveolar macrophages

mucociliary escalator function

sweep debris from mucus upwards towards the pharynx

epithelium type of the mucociliary escalator

pseudostratified columnar

the cycle of systole and diastole (does/doesn’t) need to occur in one chamber

does

least severe part of the heart to damage

atria because more filling is passive

CO is the blood pumped by the (right/left) ventricle

left

capnia

CO₂ content in the blood

cell type (does/doesn’t) change throughout the airway

does

zones that make up the respiratory tract

conducting zone and respiratory zone

bounds of the conducting zone

nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

zone that makes up most of the respiratory tract

conducting

components of the respiratory zone

bronchioles and alveoli

gas exchange occurs in the (conducting/respiratory) zone

respiratory

dominant muscle type and shape in bronchioles

circular smooth muscle

as the bronchioles branch and get smaller, they have (more/less) cartilage

less

epithelium type in the respiratory tract

simple squamous epithelium

property of bronchioles that determines airflow resistance and distribution

diameter

bronchitis

inflammation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles

alveolar sac

≥ 2 alveoli that share an opening

alveoli cell type

simple squamous

things surrounding alveoli (2)

capillaries and elastic fibers

bronchi cell type

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

large bronchiole cell type

• columnar

• ciliated

• simple

small bronchiole cell type

• cuboidal

• ciliated

• simple

terminal bronchiole cell type

• cuboidal

• non-ciliated

• simple

the distance between the blood and the alveolar air is (large/small)

small (allows for rapid diffusion)

number of bronchi

3 (primary, secondary, tertiary)

alveoli cell types

• Type I (squamous epithelial; gas diffusion)

• Type II (surfactant)

Type (I/II) alveoli cells are more abundant

Type I

cells that secrete surfactant

Type II alveolar cells

composition of surfactant

proteins and phospholipids

function of surfactant

• reduce surface tension

• prevent lung collapse after exhalation

alveoli (are/aren’t) vascularized

are (surrounded by capillaries)

LaPlace surface tension law

P = (2•tension) ÷ radius

when a fetus starts producing surfactant, and when it has sufficient surfactant

• production starts at 24 weeks

• fetus has enough surfactant at 34 weeks

the alveoli (do/don’t) have a basement membrane

do (basement membrane binds to the capillaries)

the alveoli (do/don’t) have resident macrophages

do

name of resident macrophages in the alveoli

dust cells

RDS name and cause

• respiratory distress syndrome

• difficulty breathing caused by alveolar collapse

long compliance

how easily the lungs expand

factors affecting lung compliance (3)

• lung connective tissue

• surfactant levels

• thoracic cage mobility

healthy lungs have (high/low) compliance

high

lungs with (high/low) compliance easier to fill and to empty

high

lungs with high compliance are (hard/easy) to fill and empty

easy

lungs with low compliance are (hard/easy) to fill and empty

hard

(high/low) compliance lungs require more muscular energy

low

reason why premature babies have low lung compliance

inadequate surfactant levels

reason why emphysema leads to low lung compliance

destruction of connective tissue

reason why arthritis and skeletal disorders lead to low lung compliance

impairment of articulations

alveoli (do/don’t) require effort to inflate

do (LaPlace’s surface tension law)

a higher pressure indicates that the alveolus has a (smaller/larger) radius

smaller radius

the effect of surfactant is larger in (small/large) alveoli

small

result of surfactant

pressure in all alveoli is equal regardless of size

surfactant (increases/decreases) surface tension

decreases

bronchopulmonary segments (are/aren’t) discrete

are (each can be removed without compromising the other segments)