genetics

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information.

Transformation Principle

The concept that genetic information can be transferred from one organism to another, initially suggested by Griffith in 1982.

Chargaff's Rule

The pairing rule stating that in DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G).

Double Helix

The structure of DNA, consisting of two strands twisted around each other.

Replication

The process of duplicating DNA during the S phase of interphase.

CRISPR

A gene editing tool that allows for precise modifications of DNA sequences.

Central Dogma

The process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.

mRNA Modifications

Changes made to mRNA before it can be translated, including the addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail, and splicing.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

tRNA

Transfer RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to different traits or diseases.

Point Mutation

A change in a single base pair in DNA.

Frameshift Mutation

A genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, creating millions of copies.

Operon

A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, involved in the regulation of gene expression.