Lin notes 5

Gradient

Small change in articulation has only a small effect on the sound

Categorical

Small change in articulation can have drastic effect on the sound

Vowel Quality

Overall nature of the vowel that depends on the configuration of the lips and tongue

Height

Vertical tongue position

Backness

Horizontal tongue position

Tenseness

Tongue root position and overall tension in the tongue

Rounding

Lip configuration

High or close

Upper third of possible range

Mid

Middle third of possible range

Low or open

Lower third of possible range

Upper mid or close mid

Slightly higher mid vowel

Lower mid or open mid

Slightly lower mid vowel

Near

Used to distinguish an extra level of height for high and lower vowels

Near high or near close

Slightly lower high vowel

Near low or near open

Slightly higher low vowel

Front

Under the front of the hard palate

Central

Under the middle of the hard palateC

Back

Under the velum

Near

Used to distinguish an extra level of backness for front and back vowels N

Near front

Slightly backer front vowel Ne

Near back

Slightly fronter back vowel

Vowel diagram or vowel chart

diagram representation of vowel height and backness, skewing the results from the restriction on front as jaw lowers

Advanced Tongue root

Wider opening in pharynx

Retracted tongue root

Narrow constriction in pharynx

Tenseness

Firmness of the tongue affected by the root position

Tense

Tongue root compresses tongue making it firm

Lax

Retracted tongue root expands tongue making it more relaxed

Rounding or roundness

The shape of lips

Round or rounded

Compressed or protruded into a circular shape like o shape S

Spread

Stretched into a smile

Neutral

In between and relaxed U

Unrounded

Either spread or neutral, spoken lanaguages don’t usually know how to distinguish these ones so like group them together Mo

Monophthong

Vowel with stable quality throughout

Diphthong

Vowel than changes from one manner to another

Tripthong

Vowel that changes from one vowel quality to another then to a third

Length

Way of catergorizing phones based on their timeL

Long

Longer duration

Short

Shorter duration

Geminate

Long consonantS

Singleton

Short consonant

Nasal Vowel/Nasalized vowel

Vowel with fronted and lowered velum allowing air to flow in nasal cavity

Oral Vowel

Vowel is retractd and raised with velum preventing air from flowing into the nasal cavity S

Syllabic consonant

Behaves like a vowel in how it patterns in a language