HDFS 371 Exam 1 Study Guide

Sub-Saharan Africa

Which region is expected to have the highest growth in its older adult population by 2050?

Age-dependency ratio

The number of people 65 and older for every 100 working-age people 15-64.

New Deal 55+

Training grants to prepare older workers to re-enter the workforce in newer technology jobs; working tax credit to supplement their earnings.

Senescence

the normal process of changes in the body over time, also called biological aging

Intrinsic aging

characteristic and processes that occur naturally and universally with all older adults

Extrinsic aging

disease processes, disuse (lack of activity), or environmental processes (UV rays from the sun)

Sarcopenia

as we age, the proportion of body weight contributed by water declines, and so, there is a decline in muscle mass and increase in fat

Melanin

darker pigmentation produced by body to protect from UV rays

Epidermis

outer layer of cells

Dermis

lower or inner layer of cells

Maximum breathing capacity

the maximum volume of gas that a person can inhale and exhale per minute - requires coordination of the respiratory, nervous, and muscular systems - & can be reduced

Vital capacity

the maximum amount of oxygen that can be brought into the lungs with a deep breath declines with aging

Systolic

the level of blood pressure in the contraction phase

Diastolic

the stage where the chambers of the heart are filling with blood

Immunosenescence

the gradual, age-related deterioration of the immune system

Sleep apnea

5 to 10 second cessation of breathing

Tinnitus

a high-pitched ringing in ears

Declines by 50% in men 30 to 75, and to a lesser decline extent for women.

How much does the hand grip decline with age in both women and men?

Arthritis

What is the most chronic disease that impacts employment for older adults?

Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary disease and stroke

What is the leading cause of death for older adults?

Prostate cancer

What is the most common type of cancer for older men?

Breast cancer

What is the most common type of cancer for older women?

Lung cancer

What is the second most common type of cancer?

Arthritis

What is the second most common chronic disease?

Older women are 3x more likely to fall than men.

Who is more likely to have a fall - men or women?

Acute myocardial infarction

A blockage in an artery supplying blood to a portion of the heart muscle.

A systolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 140.

A diastolic blood pressure of greater than or equal to 90.

For older adults, systolic blood pressure higher than 150 or 90 for diastolic.

Indicators of hypertension

Memory

The process of retrieving information that was once stored; refers to a part of the brain that retains what we've learned throughout our lifetime.

Sensory Memory

The first step in receiving information via our senses, such as touch, taste, or smell.

Iconic Memory

Visual

Echoic Memory

Auditory

Working Memory

A temporary stage of holding, processing, and organizing memory; decides what information will be attended to and what will be ignored.

Long-Term Memory

Information must be rehearsed or processed actively in order to be retrieved later on.

Perceptual speed

The time required to recognize and respond to a stimulus declines with age creating the need for more rehearsal.

Episodic memory

Intentionally recalling events declines the most with aging.

Procedural memory

Remembering how to do tests or skills is retained into advanced old age.

Semantic memory

Part of long-term memory that deals with words, facts, and previous learning declines the least.

Spatial memory

The ability to recall where objects are in relationship to each other in space.

Recall

Searching through the vast store of information in secondary memory.

Recognition

When the information in secondary memory is matched with a stimulus in the environment.

Selective attention

The ability to focus on one specific task or stimulus while ignoring other irrelevant or distracting information.

Positivity bias

Older adults regulate their emotional experience by focusing on positive information.

Executive functioning

The ability to organize our learning and efficiently use the information stored in secondary memory to plan and make decisions & shift attention.

Cognitive retraining

Teaching older adults to use techniques to keep minds active and maintain memory, problem-solving, and decision-making skills.

Selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC)

Adapting and regulating individual resources

- Select specific cognitive domains to adapt

- Maximize one's abilities in these selected areas

- Enhance skills in other areas impacted by aging.