BIOL101: Ch. 6 - Cell Respiration

Cells require energy stored as ATP for all their processes and this process makes ATP

Why do we need to do cell respiration?

ATP

What important energy molecule is generated by cell respiration?

Makes energy with oxygen

What is Aerobic respiration?

Makes energy without oxygen

What is Anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic more ATP (32) whereas Anaerobic makes 2

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic (besides the oxygen part)

1

What do aerobic and anaerobic respiration have in common? Think: How many glucoses do they put in

Aerobic respiration

Which process requires oxygen?

aerobic respiration

Which process makes more ATP?

Aerobic respiration

Which makes CO2 and H2O as waste products between aerobic and anaerobic?

Anaerobic

Which makes lactic acid as a waste product?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 +ADPs+Pi →→→ 6CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP

What is the equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

6

How many O2 must be added for each one glucose? Think: Cellular respiration equation

6

How many CO2 and water are generated? Think: Cellular Respiration equation

Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain

What does OIL RIG stand for?

Oxidation is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons

What is lost/gained in Oxidation or Reduction?

Reduction

NAD+ → NADH. Is that oxidation or reduction?

Oxidation

FADH2 → FAD. Is that oxidation or reduction?

Oxidation

Glucose (C6H12O6) → CO2. Is that oxidation or reduction?

high energy electrons and hydrogen ions; inner mitochondrial membrane

Describe the role of electron carriers NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration. They pick up _____________ and _____________ and take them to the _________________ ______________ _________.

Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

Name the four stages of cellular respiration

Is the breakdown of a glucose-a 6 carbon molecule

What does glycolysis do?

Cytoplasm

Where does Glycolysis take place?

2

How many ATP must be invested to split the 6 carbon glucose into 2 molecules with 3 carbons?

2

How much net ATP is made by glycolysis?

4

How many ATP is actually made during glycolysis?

No

Does glycolysis need oxygen?

Pyruvic acid

The 3 carbon molecules are called what?

No

Do we lose any carbons as CO2 during glycolysis?

Yes

Can every organism carry out glycolysis?

Is where Pyruvic acid is going to be converted into acetyl coA and also this reaction will transfer electrons to 2 NADH

What happens in the Transition Reaction?

pyruvic acid to acetyl coA

Transition Reaction: We transition from ________ to _______

Yes

Is any ATP made during the transition reaction?

Mitochondria

Where does the transition reaction take place?

Yes

Do we lose any carbon as CO2 during transition reaction?

6

How many CO2 are lost per glucose in the transition reaction?

2 pyruvic acid

What are the starting materials for the transition reaction?

2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

What are the products for the transition reaction?

No

Does the transition reaction occur in absence of oxygen?

Glucose

What is the starting material for glycolysis?

2 NADH, 2 ATP (net), 2 Pyruvic Acid

What is the products of glycolysis?

Sugar splitting

Translate the word: GLYCOLYSIS

Synthesizes 2 ATP directly and transfers a lot of electrons to our electron carriers (6 NADH and 2 FADH2)

What does the Citric Acid Cycle do?

NADH and FADH2

Who are our electron carriers?

H^+ and electrons

Who are the passengers of our electron carriers?

empty

NAD^+ is an ____ electron carrier

occupied

NADH is an ____ electron carrier

empty

FAD is an ____ electron carrier

occupied

FADH2 is an ____ electron carrier

Inside the mitochondria, specifically the matrix

Where does the Citric Acid cycle take place? and specifically?

Matrix of mitochondria

Where do the citric acid cycle and transition reaction take place? (Think specifically) Hint: Same place

Yes

Is any ATP made during the citric acid cycle?

2

How many ATP are made per glucose molecule in the citric acid cycle?

10-12 ATP

How many ATP are made per Acetyl Co-A molecule in the Citric Acid Cycle?

2 acetyl coA

What are the staring materials for the Citric Acid Cycle?

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

No

Does the Citric Acid Cycle occur in absence of O2?

2

How many CO2 are lost during the citric acid cycle?

NADH and FADH

Name electron carriers that are loaded during the citric acid cycle.

Passes electrons from NADH and FADH2 through a series of protein complexes, releasing energy used to pump protons (H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

Inner mitochondrial membrane (Cristae)

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

ATP synthesis turbine

Electron Transport Chain: The H+ rushes back through the ___________

ATP

Electron Transport Chain: The turning of the turbine creates what?

H+

Electron Transport Chain: Now there is a lot of ____ outside the membrane and a little inside

Yes

Is ATP made by the electron transport chain?

28

How many ATP (range) are made by the ETC?

No

Is CO2 created by the ETC?

NADH, FADH2

What are the starting materials of the ETC?

3 ATP from each NADH, 2 ATP from each FADH2

What are the products of the ETC?

Yes, is the only process that directly requires it

Does the ETC need oxygen?

Without it, the electrons would have nowhere to go and the whole process would stop

Why is it important to have oxygen in the ETC?

No

Is CO2 created by glycolysis?

NAD+

What electron carrier is loaded during glycolysis?

6, 2, pyruvic acid

Glycolysis: _____ carbon glucose is split into ______ 3 carbon molecules called _____________ ___________

4, 2, 6, citric acid

Citric Acid Cycle: At the start of the cycle the ______ carbon acceptor molecule bind to ____carbon acetyl CoA forming a _____ carbon molecule called ____________ __________

Inner mitochondrial membrane

ETC: The electrons move along the chain and the hydrogens are pumped where?

Higher

ETC: There will be a much higher or lower concentration of ions outside the membrane than inside the membrane

ATP synthase

ETC: There is only one path for the hydrogens to get back across the membrane. They have to pass through the enzyme ________ _____________

phosphate bonds

ETC: As the hydrogens pass through the ATP synthase turbine, the mechanical energy is turned into chemical energy which is stored in ___________.

26-30

How many ATP are made (range) per glucose at the ETC?

Water

ETC creates the waste product ____________

ATP

ETC creates the energy molecule __________.

Oxygen

What is the electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain?

Water

ETC: Hydrogen, oxygen and electrons combine to form

If there is no oxygen there is no electron acceptor. The ETC cannot accept

any new ones electrons if the old ones are still there.

Explain why the electron transport chain cannot make ATP in the absence of oxygen.

2

How many ATP are made per glucose by anaerobic respiration?

Oxygen

ATP is made by glycolysis. Pyruvic acid is formed. Why can’t the pyruvic acid go into the mitochondrion? Need _______ to do transition reaction

NAD+

Why does pyruvic acid have to turn into lactic acid? We need to empty the

electron carrier ___________ so that we can run the next round of glycolysis

electrons

When pyruvic acid turns into lactic acid ____________ are removed from NADH turning it back into NAD+

C6H12O6 —> 2C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

What is the equation for fermentation?

to regenerate NAD+ from NADH to continue to produce ATP

Yeast makes ATP by glycolysis. Why does pyruvic acid have to turn into ethanol?

NADH

Yeast needs to empty the electron carrier ___________ so that it can run the next round of glycolysis

Cytoplasm

Where does fermentation take place inside the yeast cell?

By eating sugars in the dough and releasing carbon dioxide gas, which gets trapped by gluten, creating bubbles that inflate the dough aka fermentation

Why does yeast make bread rise?

No

Was there oxygen when life on earth started?

No

Did archae bacteria have mitochondria?

Lipids and proteins

Are carbohydrates the only organic molecules that can be used to make ATP? What other molecules can be used?