Science Final

Integrated Science final study guide

Milankovitch Cycles

eccentricity - planets shape as it orbits the sun

axial tilt - Earth is tilted on its axis which causes seasons

Precession - earth’s slow wobble as it spins on its axis

Greenhouse effect

the atmosphere allows sunlight to reach earth’s surface but prevents heat from escaping

Global Warming

the slow increase in average temperature across the globe, resulting in glaciers melting, sea levels rising, severe storms, ocean acidification

short term carbon cycle

plants use carbon in photosynthesis then die and release carbon, this keeps it at a reasonable level

Long term carbon cycle

carbon is released into the atmosphere, acid rain dissolves rocks which form calcium carbonate, which is then absorbed into the ocean which kills coral and re-releases carbon into the atmosphere, which is a vicious cycle

albedo effect

reflection of insolation due to dust/ash in the air and leads to global cooling

insolation

incoming solar radiation, a measure of the solar energy striking a specific area over a set amount of time

energy flow equation

energy flow = mass x specific heat x temp change

Q = m x c x \~t (\~ = change)

heat island effect

change in environment due to urbanization, which causes urban areas to be warmer which creates a heat island

ice cores

a sample of ice taken from a glacier that shows the past climate conditions of that area (dust, seasalt, ash, change in seasons, etc.)

electromagnetic spectrum

infrared - longer waves which are absorbed by gas which warms the atmosphere

visible - shorter wavelength which makes it visible to humans

water conservation

low flow faucets, short showers, dry cooling towers, drip irrigation, water recycling, desalinization

ocean pollution

the ocean is extremely polluted with microplastics that destroy the wildlife

artificial eutrophication

when a fertilizer or detergent contaminates water which causes algal blooms and therefore oxygen depletion

biomagnification

toxins moving up the food chain

Primary water treatment

meant to take large chunks out of water using (netting, etc.)

secondary water treatment

takes smaller particles out of water (coffee filter, sedimentation, aeration, etc.)

Tertiary water treatment

get rid of toxins (reverse osmosis, chlorine, etc.)

water usage

agricultural uses the most amount of water, recreational uses the least amount, industrial and household use same amount of water

point source pollution

the exact place the pollution came from is easily identified (oil spills, drainage ditches, etc.)

non point source pollution

when it is difficult to identify the source of a pollutant (fertilizers, pesticides, soap, etc.)

ocean acidification

the excess carbon in the atmosphere gets absorbed into the ocean which results in it being more acidic

sewage

household waste from toilets, sinks, showers, etc.

inorganic chemicals

pollutants that aren’t carbon based which lead to biomagnification (salts, acids, toxic metals, etc.)

sediment

bits of rock and dirt

synthetic organic compounds

carbon based pollutants (detergents, oils, industrial waste, pesticides, etc.)

fertilizers

chemicals that enhance the growth of plants but can lead to artificial eutrophication

pesticides

chemicals that repel insects from plants

oxygen demanding waste

sewage, manure, dead animals and plants

Alfred Wegener

came up with theory of supercontinent Pangea and plate tectonics

erosion

movement of rock particles from one place to another

weathering

the process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces

seafloor spreading

divergent plate boundary where magma fills the space and cools which forms new seafloor

epicenter

where an earthquake starts, above focus on the surface of the Earth

focus

the place inside the earth where an earthquake starts

Newton’s laws of motion

1. **Law of inertia** - anything in motion or not in motion will remain that way unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
2. Law of f=ma - force = mass times acceleration
3. Law of action and reaction - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

net force

both forces are added together

Newton’s second law formula

force = mass x acceleration

Centripetal Force

as something moves in a circular motion there is constant unbalanced force since it's always accelerating

Kepler’s Laws

1. Law of ellipses - every planet has an elliptical orbit
2. Law of equal areas - a planet is equally distant from the sun 
3. Law of harmonies - the closer a planet is to the sun the faster it orbits

Kinetic Energy

Energy an object has because its in motion

Kinetic Energy Formula

Ke = ½ mass x velocity^2

Law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed it just transfers and transforms to other types such as heat, light, and sound

Kepler’s third law formula

t^2 yrs = r^3 AU

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

a balanced force results in something remaining stationary, net force of 0, unbalanced forces occur when the net force is not 0 and results in motion

momentum

quantity of motion (ex. throwing a ball, car in motion)

Momentum Formula

P= mass x velocity

law of universal gravitation

The gravitational force of an object depends on its mass and distance from other objects

law of universal gravitation formula

G = (6.673x10^-11 x m1 x m2)/2

Energy Conversions (between kinetic and potential energy)

potential energy switches to kinetic when an object goes from being at rest to being in motion

Gravitational forces

forces that pull things toward another, the more mass and closer the distance is between two objects the stronger the gravitational force will be

**Elastic collisions**

both momentum and kinetic energy are stored which results in an object bouncing or rebounding upon collision

Inelastic collisions

kinetic energy is not conserved, instead it is converted to sound, light, heat, or other energy

Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

the max amount of energy is moved making the collision extreme, both objects move in the same direction

**Mass and weight**

mass is the total amount of matter in an object whereas weight is the total amount of gravitational force being exerted on an object

Laws of stratigraphy

law of superposition, original horizontality, cross cutting relationships, and lateral continuity

law of superposition

the layers on top are youngest and the ones on bottom are oldest

law of cross cutting relationships

if a layer cuts across other rocks it is younger

original horizontality

rock layers are horizontal because gravity

lateral continuity

layers of sediment initially extend laterally but might be separated by erosion

absolute age

an exact age number of a rock

relative age

how old a rock is in relation to another rock

primary seismic wave

**l**ongitudinal wave that travels faster than other waves, compresses Earth’s crust it  moves back and forth. Alternatively compresses and expands the material they pass through. This can cause ground to buckle and fracture. 

secondary seismic wave

transverse wave that moves slowly, Causes materials to shake at right angles to the direction of the wave motion, Causes ground to shake up, down, and sideways like a snake.

surface seismic wave

across earth’s surface, more elliptical, more destructive than P+S waves. Can cause buildings to collapse, damage to foundations of buildings because of the longer wavelengths and rolling action.

convergent boundaries

plates move together/collide with a compressional stress

causes Trenches, earthquakes, volcanos, mountain ranges and tsunamis

divergent boundary

plates move apart from each other with tensional stress creates rift valleys, mid -ocean ridges, earthquakes, and volcanos.

transform fault

plates move past each other with a shear stress. This stress creates earthquakes the most which is a constructive process.

mechanical weathering

Rocks are physically broken down into smaller pieces, Abrasion, Ice wedging

chemical weathering

Process that breaks down rocks by chemical reactions (substance changes into another substance), Acid rain, carbon dioxide, oxidation, water, living organisms (produce acid) 

half life formula

decayed mass/total mass=fraction=how many half lives have passed….. time/# of past lives

how long to decay formula

decayed mass/total mass=fraction=# of past lives… time x # of past lives.

mass formula

total time of decay/half-life=#of past half-lives=fraction,,, fraction x original mass

carbon pools

1. Vegetation (biomass)


1. Soils 
2. Fossil Fuels (hydrocarbons) 
3. Atmosphere (Carbon Dioxide, Methane) 
4. Surface Ocean and Marine life (Organic Matter) 
5. Deep Ocean 
6. Sedimentary Rock (Limestone)

carbon fluxes

1. Movement of Carbon from one pool to another


1. Photosynthesis
2. Respiration- putting carbon back into the atmosphere 
3. Combustion (Isn’t natural) 
4. Erosion/weathering 
5. Defusion 
6. Ocean mixing (Upper+Deeper) 
7. Sedimentation (Weathering)
8. Volcanos (erupt and release carbon) 
9. Decomposition (Break down gets into soil and produces methane) 

unconformity

gap in rock record where erosion could’ve occured