Organic Molecules
complex molecules based on carbon
Hydrocarbons
molecules of carbon and hydrogen only
The formation of organic molecules resulted from the reactions of inorganic materials.
Chemical Evolution
Hydroxyl
OH
Carbonyl
CO
Carboxyl
COOH
Amino
NH2
Phosphate
PO4
Sulfhydryl
SH
Isomers
same chemical formula, different molecular structure
Stereoisomers
mirror images
Enantiomers
mirror images
Structural isomers
different arrangement of atoms
Dehydration Synthesis
remove water to create larger molecule
Hydrolysis
add water to break down molecules
Macromolecules
large polymer molecule
Polymers
covalently bonded monomers
Monomers > Polymers
Polymerization
Polymers > Monomers
Hydrolysis
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrates
glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides
α - glucose
OH below
β - glucose
OH above
maltose, sucrose, lactose
Disaccharides
starches, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Polysaccharides
Glycosidic Linkages
carbohydrates
Lipids
insoluble, nonpolar
oils and fats, stored energy source
Neutral Lipids
glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, polar phosphate
Phospholipids
Amphipathic Molecule
polar and nonpolar
hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl
Fatty Acid
3 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides
fatty acids, long chain of alcohol/hydrocarbons
Waxes
Saturated Fatty Acids
single carbon bonds (rigid)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
double carbon bonds (fluid)
lipid with 4 carbon ring
Steroids
polar OH and nonpolar hydrocarbon chain
Sterols
Ester Linkages
lipids
Proteins
perform vital functions
Amino Acids
monomer of proteins
Peptide Bonds
proteins
new amino acids added to C-terminal end
Polypeptide Chain
Primary Structure
chain of amino acids
Secondary Structure
α helix or β pleated sheet
Tertiary Structure
chain folds, makes 3D shape
Quaternary Structure
more than 1 polypeptide chain
Denaturation
unfolding of protein
Chaperonins
guides to direct tertiary structure
Domains
subdivisions of amino acid folds
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate
Nucleotides
Pyrimidines
cytosine, uracil, thymine
Purines
adenine, guanine
nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar
Nucleosides
Phosphodiester Linkages
nucleic acids
DNA
2 polynucleotide chains
RNA
1 polynucleotide chain
cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms and arise from the division of preexisting cells
Cell Theory
Cells
structural and functional units
Light Microscope
uses light
Electron Microscope
uses electrons (more magnification)
Magnification
ratio of viewed object to its real size
minimum distance that 2 points can be separated and still be in the same view
Resolution
Surface Area
increased through extensions and folds
Plasma Membrane
maintains internal environment
Cytoplasm
contains cytosol and cytoskeleton
Cytosol
aqueous solution
Cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape
Prokaryote Common Shapes
spherical, rodlike, and spiral
Prokaryotic Chromosome
circular DNA molecule
Cell Wall
surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall coated with loose Glycocalyx
slime layer
Cell Wall coated with firmly attached Glycocalyx
capsule
Flagella
motility
Pili
attaches cell to surfaces
Cell Fractionation
isolates cell organelles
Channel Proteins
transport
Receptors
bind signal molecules
Nuclear Envelope
2 membranes
Nuclear Pore Complexes
regulate transport of proteins and RNA
Nuclear Localization Signal
amino acid sequence to import proteins into nucleus
Nucleoplasm
liquid inside nucleus
Chromatin
combination of DNA and proteins
Eukaryotic Chromosome
linear DNA
Nucleoli
creates ribosomal subunits
Ribosomes
create proteins
Endomembrane System
functional and structural compartments of cells
Vesicles
membrane-bound sacs that transport
Endoplasmic Reticulum
extensive network of channels
Rough ER
ribosomes create proteins
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids
Cisternae
folds in ER
ER Lumen
folds and modifies proteins
Golgi Complex
chemically modifies proteins
Exocytosis
process where vesicles release contents from cell
Lysosomes
digest complex molecules
Phagocytosis
digest cellular debris
Mitochondria
generates ATP
Cristae
folds in mitochondria
Mitochondrial Matrix
where ATP reactions take place