Biology Ch 3 & 4

Organic Molecules

complex molecules based on carbon

Hydrocarbons

molecules of carbon and hydrogen only

The formation of organic molecules resulted from the reactions of inorganic materials.

Chemical Evolution

Hydroxyl

OH

Carbonyl

CO

Carboxyl

COOH

Amino

NH2

Phosphate

PO4

Sulfhydryl

SH

Isomers

same chemical formula, different molecular structure

Stereoisomers

mirror images

Enantiomers

mirror images

Structural isomers

different arrangement of atoms

Dehydration Synthesis

remove water to create larger molecule

Hydrolysis

add water to break down molecules

Macromolecules

large polymer molecule

Polymers

covalently bonded monomers

Monomers > Polymers

Polymerization

Polymers > Monomers

Hydrolysis

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrates

glucose, fructose, galactose

Monosaccharides

α - glucose

OH below

β - glucose

OH above

maltose, sucrose, lactose

Disaccharides

starches, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Polysaccharides

Glycosidic Linkages

carbohydrates

Lipids

insoluble, nonpolar

oils and fats, stored energy source

Neutral Lipids

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, polar phosphate

Phospholipids

Amphipathic Molecule

polar and nonpolar

hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl

Fatty Acid

3 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Triglycerides

fatty acids, long chain of alcohol/hydrocarbons

Waxes

Saturated Fatty Acids

single carbon bonds (rigid)

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

double carbon bonds (fluid)

lipid with 4 carbon ring

Steroids

polar OH and nonpolar hydrocarbon chain

Sterols

Ester Linkages

lipids

Proteins

perform vital functions

Amino Acids

monomer of proteins

Peptide Bonds

proteins

new amino acids added to C-terminal end

Polypeptide Chain

Primary Structure

chain of amino acids

Secondary Structure

α helix or β pleated sheet

Tertiary Structure

chain folds, makes 3D shape

Quaternary Structure

more than 1 polypeptide chain

Denaturation

unfolding of protein

Chaperonins

guides to direct tertiary structure

Domains

subdivisions of amino acid folds

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate

Nucleotides

Pyrimidines

cytosine, uracil, thymine

Purines

adenine, guanine

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar

Nucleosides

Phosphodiester Linkages

nucleic acids

DNA

2 polynucleotide chains

RNA

1 polynucleotide chain

cells are the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms and arise from the division of preexisting cells

Cell Theory

Cells

structural and functional units

Light Microscope

uses light

Electron Microscope

uses electrons (more magnification)

Magnification

ratio of viewed object to its real size

minimum distance that 2 points can be separated and still be in the same view

Resolution

Surface Area

increased through extensions and folds

Plasma Membrane

maintains internal environment

Cytoplasm

contains cytosol and cytoskeleton

Cytosol

aqueous solution

Cytoskeleton

maintains cell shape

Prokaryote Common Shapes

spherical, rodlike, and spiral

Prokaryotic Chromosome

circular DNA molecule

Cell Wall

surrounds plasma membrane

Cell Wall coated with loose Glycocalyx

slime layer

Cell Wall coated with firmly attached Glycocalyx

capsule

Flagella

motility

Pili

attaches cell to surfaces

Cell Fractionation

isolates cell organelles

Channel Proteins

transport

Receptors

bind signal molecules

Nuclear Envelope

2 membranes

Nuclear Pore Complexes

regulate transport of proteins and RNA

Nuclear Localization Signal

amino acid sequence to import proteins into nucleus

Nucleoplasm

liquid inside nucleus

Chromatin

combination of DNA and proteins

Eukaryotic Chromosome

linear DNA

Nucleoli

creates ribosomal subunits

Ribosomes

create proteins

Endomembrane System

functional and structural compartments of cells

Vesicles

membrane-bound sacs that transport

Endoplasmic Reticulum

extensive network of channels

Rough ER

ribosomes create proteins

Smooth ER

synthesizes lipids

Cisternae

folds in ER

ER Lumen

folds and modifies proteins

Golgi Complex

chemically modifies proteins

Exocytosis

process where vesicles release contents from cell

Lysosomes

digest complex molecules

Phagocytosis

digest cellular debris

Mitochondria

generates ATP

Cristae

folds in mitochondria

Mitochondrial Matrix

where ATP reactions take place