Cells

Cell wall

rigid supporting layer that surrounds the cells of plants & some other organisms

Nucleus

in cells, a large oval organelle that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cells activities - "control center"

Organelle

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cytoplasm

the thick, jelly like fluid region of a cell that holds the organelles

Mitochondria

rod shaped organelles that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions - the "powerhouse" of the cell

Vacuole

a sac like organelle that stores water, food & other materials

Chloroplast

an organelle in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to an energy form that cells can use in making food

Cell Membrane

an organelle in both plant and animal cells that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

Plant cell

square shaped cell that contains cell wall and chloroplast and contains one large vacuole

Animal cell

round shaped cell that contains a cell membrane, nucleus and small vacuoles

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

organelles

Structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell.

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

lysosomes

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell; internal distribution center.

centrioles

Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Cilia/Flagella

Cilia are short, hair like appendages extending from the surface of a living cell. Flagella are long, threadlike appendages on the surface of a living cell

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

-All living things are composed of cells.
-Cells are the basic units of structure and function for living things.
-All cells come from pre-existing cells. Also, organisms grow by “adding on more cells” NOT by increasing the size of their cells.

Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Eukaryotes have a nucleus,endoplasmic reticulum, and a mitochondria while prokaryotes only have a cell membrane, cell wall, free floating DNA and ribosomes and no nucleus.

Examples of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

Examples of Eukaryotes

plants and animals

phospholipids

Lipid that goes across the cell membrane. Fatty acid tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic. They form a bilayer with the hydrophobic parts pointing away from the water.

carbohydrate chains

keeps membrane fluid; keeps hydrophobic tails from sticking together.

protein channels

transport and attachment

cholesterol

at high temperatures, cholesterol acts to stabilize the cell membrane and increase its melting point; while at low temperatures, it inserts into phospholipids and prevents them from interfering with each other to avoid aggregation or just maintain fluidity.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The arrangement of molecules that make up a cell membrane. Proteins "float" scattered in the phospholipids.

Selective Permeability

Allows only certain substances to cross. No polar or charged particles can cross phospholipid bilayer

Structure and Function of Cell Wall

This surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. It also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against it.

Simple Diffusion

moving directly across the membrane

Osmosis

Diffusion of water, passive transport and moving from high water concentration to low water concatenation and moving to higher solute concentration.

equilibrium

molecules continue to move across membrane with no NET change in concentration. Can be used to show the difference between osmosis and simple diffusion.

gradient

a difference in concentration between slides of a membrane.

Hypotonic

having fewer solutes (more water)

Hypertonic

having more solutes (less water)

isotonic

having equal solutes

Unicellular organism

an organism that consists of a single cell. Examples of this are bacteria or paramecium.

Multicellular Organism

an organism that consists of many cells. Examples of this are animals and humans

Explain the purpose of cell specialization in multicellular organisms and how this can help the organism to survive.

this allows organisms to have special cells that can work together to do a certain job. For examples nerve cells send and receive impulses which help organisms maintain homeostasis . Examples include nerve cells, RBC's, skin cells

Differentiate the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms.

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism itself.

What happens in an animal and plant cell when it is hypertonic and hypotonic?

In an animal cell if the cell is placed in distilled water or hypotonic solution the cells swell and burst. When the substance in an animal cell is hypertonic the cell shrivels and shrinks. In a plant cell when a hypotonic substance goes through the cell then the cell stiffens and generally retains shape. When a hypertonic substance goes into a plant cell, the cell body shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall.

plasmolyzed

is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution

Facilitated Diffusion

moving through a transport protein (door)

Active transport

movement of materials across a membrane that requires energy.Uses ATP energy

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across the cell membrane that does not require energy.

Exocytosis

movement out of the cell

endocytosis

movement into the cell

Phagocytosis

Solid particles (cell eating)

Pinocytosis

liquid particles (cell drinking)