Chapter 3 Vocabulary

organs

Organ systems are composed of

Tissues

Organs are composed of

Cells

Tissues are composed of

Organelles

Cells are composed in part of

Molecules

Organelles are composed of

Atoms

Molecules are composed of

Atom

a small unit of matter

Blastocyst

First 2 weeks of the developing embryo

Cell

the smallest unit capable of independent existence

Cytology

study of the cell

Fertilization

union of a male sperm and female egg

Molecule

very small particle consisting of two or more atoms held tightly together

oocyte

female egg cell

organ

structure with specific functions in a body system

organelle

part of a cell having a specialized function(s)

tissue

collection of similar cells

vitro (in vitro fertilization)

Process of combining a sperm and egg in a laboratory dish and placing the resulting embryos inside a uterus

zygote

cell resulting from the union of the sperm and egg

chromatin

substance composed of DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division

chromosome

body in the nucleus that contains DNA and genes

cytoplasm

clear, gelatinous substance that forms the substance of a cell except for the nucleus

cytosol

liquid portion of the cell

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

source of hereditary characteristics found in chromosomes

electrolyte

substance that, when dissolved in a suitable medium, forms electrically charged particles

hormone

chemical formed in one tissue or organ and carried by the blood to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ

intracellular

within the cell

membrane

thin layer of tissue covering a structure or cavity

metabolism

the constantly changing physical and chemical processes occurring in the cell (anabolism and catabolism)

nucleolus

small mass within the nucleus

nucleus

functional center of a cell structure

steroid

large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components

synthesis

the process of building a compound from different elements

basic functions of life

manufacture of proteins and lipids, production and use of energy, communication with other cells, replication of DNA, reproduction

nucleus

what directs all activities of the cell, the largest organelle

forty-six

____ molecules of DNA and their associated proteins are packed into each nucleus as thin strands called chromatin

chromosomes

When cells divide, the chromatin condenses to form 46 more densely coiled bodies called?

Chromatin

substance composed of DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division

Chromosome

body in the nucleus that contains DNA and genes

cytoplasm

clear, gelatinous substance that forms the substance of the cell except for the nucleus (contains the cytosol and organelles)

cytosol

liquid portion of the cell

ribosomes

which organelle performs anabolism

nucleolus

what manufactures ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

an organelle that manufactures steroids, cholesterol and other lipids, and proteins. It also detoxifies alcohol and other drugs

lysosomes

organelles that digest and dispose of worn-out organelles as part of the process of cell death. They also digest foreign particles and bacteria

mitochondrion (mitochondria)

which organelle performs catabolism

connective tissue

function is to bind, support, protect, fill spaces, and store fat. It is widely distributed throughout the body

epithelial tissue

function is to protect, secrete, absorb, and excrete. it covers the body surface, covers and lines internal organs, and compose glands

muscle tissue

It’s function is movement. It is attached to bones, int he walls of hollow internal organs, and in the heart.

nervous tissue

It’s function is to transmit impulses for coordination, sensory reception, and motor actions. It is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

anabolism

the buildup of complex substances in the cell from simpler ones as a part of metabolism

carbohydrate

group of organic food compounds that includes sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose

catabolism

breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones as a part of metabolism

centriole

a paired organelle lying in cytoplasm near the nucleus

epithelium

tissue that covers surfaces or lines cavities

excrete

to pass waste products of metabolism out of the body (outside the body)

histology

study of the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs

lysosome

enzyme that digests foreign material and wornout cell components

mitochondrion

organelle that generates, stores, and releases energy for cell activities

protein

class of food substances based on amino acids

ribosome

structure in the cell that assembles amino acids into protein

secrete

to produce a chemical substance in a cell and release it from the cell (within the body)

bone

the hardest connective tissue due to calcium mineral salts

cartilage

gliding surface where two bones meet to form a joint. It has very few blood vessels and heals poorly or not at all

capsule

fibrous tissue layer surrounding a joint or some other structure

cartilage

nonvascular firm, connective tissue found mostly in joints

chondroblast

cartilage-forming cell

chondrocyte

cartilage cell

collagen

major protein of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone. provide the strength ligaments need

fibroblast

cell that forms collagen fibers

matrix

substance that surrounds cells, is manufactured by the cells, and holds them together

nutrient

a substance in food required for normal physiologic function

osteoblast

bone-forming cell

osteoclast

bone-removing cell

synovia

pertaining to the fluid in a joint. makes joint movement almost friction-free and distributes nutrients to the cartilage on the joint surfaces of bone.

tendon

fibrous band that connects muscle to bone

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

integumentary system

major function is to protect tissues, regulate body temperature, and support sensory receptors

skeletal system

bones, ligaments, cartilages, tendons

skeletal system

major functions are to provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, and store inorganic salts

muscular system

Major functions are to cause movements, maintain posture, and produce body heat

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

nervous system

major functions are to detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, and stimulate muscles and glands

endocrine system

glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus

endocrine system

major functions are to control the metabolic activities of organs and structures

cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels

cardiovascular system

major functions are to move blood and transport substances throughout the body

lymphatic system

lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen

lymphatic system

major functions are to return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, and defend the body against infection

digestive system

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

digestive system

major functions are to receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate unabsorbed material

respiratory

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

respiratory system

major functions are to control the intake and output of air, and exchange gases between the air and blood

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system

major functions are to remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, and store and transport urine

reproductive system

scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis

reproductive system

ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

reproductive system

major functions are to produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract, secrete male hormones

reproductive system

major functions are to produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support the development of an embry, function int he birth process, and secrete female hormones.

cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

digestive

pertaining to the breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism