Prejudice & Stereotyping

What is stereotyping?

beliefs abt characteristics of a grp (cog)

What is prejudice?

positive/neg feelings towards members of a grp (affect)

What is discrimination?

behaving towards someone differently based on grp membership

What does social identity build on?

social categorisation, the processes by which we classify ppl into diff grps

What does Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory begin with?

the premise that societies are riven with power structures and social categories

What is social identity?

an element of self-identity that derives from group membership

very distinct from personal identity

What do social identities do?

both describe and prescribe what one should think and how one should behave

What do SI affect?

ppl’s attitudes and bvs towards their in-group and outgroups

effect is more pronounced if ppl identify strongly with the SI

What is self categorisation? (Turner et al 1987)

ppl represent social categories and grp as prototypes which are a fuzzy set of what describes one group and distinguishes it from other groups

What do prototypes obey?

the meta-contrast principle – differences between groups exceeds difference within groups

What is entitativity?

the property of a group that makes it seem like a coherent, distinct and unitary entity

What happens when we categorise ppl?

we see them through the relevant in-group or outgroup prototype -> depersonalisation

What is homogeneity?

all outgroup members appear more similar to one another

What did Jones et al, 1981 find?

students Tend to rate their own group as more varied when compared to the other outgroups

When is outgroup homogeneity effect the strongest?

when the in-group and outgroup are real-life groups and when the in-group is large

What do social identities serve?

serve two purposes: self-enhancement and reduce uncertainty

What do groups compete for?

compete to be different in a way that favours their group (positive distinctiveness)

What has intergroup differentiation shown?

to elevate self esteem

How does shared social identity make collective bv possible?

because it provides shared definitions of situations and norms for acting within those situations

What influences the social identity model of riot diffusion?

-Knowing who “we” are and what “we” should do

Perceived vulnerability of the outgroup (the police)

What does social identity anticipate?

in-group favouritism for all groups

What does social identity predict?

predicts that marginalized groups will challenge hierarchies and status quo to improve their status

What does social dominance anticipate?

 in-group favouritism but allows for possibility that members of oppressed groups may not always favour their group

What does social dominance not always anticipate?

challenging hierarchies for marginalised groups

What did Bian et al, 2017 find?

that gender stereotypes associating brilliance with males emerge as early as age 6, whereas perceptions of niceness remain gender-neutral

What does Bigler and Liben’s 2007 developmental intergrp theory say?

cdr go above and beyond veridical info to infer beliefs and attributes about social categories

What is ambivalent sexism characterised by?

2 components

hostile sexism - neg, resentful beliefs towards women who pose threat to gender hierarchy

benevolent sexism - interrelated attitudes that tend to view women in stereotypical way sa innocent and caring and that are subjectively pos in feeling

(Glick and Fiske, 1996)

What is hostile sexism linked to?

SDO - reflects HS concern with competitiveness and rank

HS asserts control over women through blatant prejudice

What is blatant sexism linked to?

system justification

asserts control over women through enforcement of traditionality in gender relations

What are modern and aversive racism like?

more subtle, tougher to detect and easier to rationalise

What is aversive racism acc to Gaertner and Dovidio, 1986?

subtle prejudice of those who endorse egalitarian attitudes and values

deny prejudice and avoid talking abt race

What is the modern racism scale acc to McConahay, 1986?

Covert or symbolic opposition to policies or practices designed to help a specific racial group, arising from hidden prejudice

What is dual processing?

The brain processes thoughts, memories, and attitudes on two different tracks

What is dual processing like?

explicit—on the radar screen of our awareness

implicit - unthinking knee-jerk response operating below the radar, leaving us unaware of how attitudes are influencing our behavior

How does implicit/unconscious bias operate?

unintentionally and indirect techniques are used to measure it sa quickly pairing a person’s img with a trait (Implicit Asc Test by greenwald et al)

How do social identity models explain stereotyping?

through social categorization and positive distinctiveness, which leads to outgroup homogeneity and depersonalization

How do cdr dvlp stereotypes?

at an early age often through inferences they make about social categories and salient dimensions

What are prejudices relating to sexism more likely to be?

ambivalent (both benign and hostile at the same time)

What has social psychological research focused more on?

more covert expressions of prejudice

What is prejudice reduction research like?

optimistic but subject to publication bias