Bacteria ---> Plants

Hadeon Eon

(4.6-3.9 bya) molten surface, no liquid H2O, no atmospheric O2

Archean Eon

(3.9-2.5 bya) surface cools, liquid H2O, volcanic gas atmosphere, first life

Proterozoic Eon

(2.5 bya- 500 mya) O2 atmosphere, protists

Paleozoic Eon

(500-250 mya) colonization of land

bacteria shapes

coccus, bacillus, spirillus

bacteria arrangements

diplo-, strepto-, staphylo-

bacteria size

0.5-5 micrometers

“hairs” on bacteria

pili

gram + bacteria

2 layers, less virulent

gram - bacteria

3 layers, more virulent (surface proteins)

5 bacteria groups

proteobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes, cyanobacteria, gram +

proteobacteria

ancestor of mitochondria, cholera, helicobacter, salmonella

chlamydias

require animal host

spirochetes

spirilli, internal filaments

cyanobacteria

chloroplast ancestor

gram +

thick peptidoglycan, free living or parasitic

archaea membranes

isoprene sidechains and ether linkages

archaea similarities to eukaryotes

histones, methionine initiates protein synthesis, >1 RNA polymerase, resistant to streptomycin and chloramphenicol

archaea groups

halophiles (salinity), thermophiles, methanogens (produce CH4)

4 eukaryotic supergroups

excavata, SAR clade, archaeplastida, unikonta

groups under excavata

euglenids and kinetoplastids (trypanosoma)

groups in SAR clade

stramenopiles (2 flagellum types), alveolates (sacs in pm), rhizarians (sequence data)

groups under stramenopiles

diatoms, golden algae, brown algae

groups under alveolates

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates

groups under rhizarians

radiolarians, foraminiferans

groups under unikonta

amoebozoans, opisthokonts

groups under amoebozoans

slime molds, tubulinids, entamoebas

groups under opisthokonts

animals, fungi, some protists

groups under archaeplastids

rhodophytes (red algae), chlorophytes and charophytes (green algae), embryophytes (land plants)

hyphae

thin fungal filaments underground

2 types of hyphae

septate and coenocytic

haustoria

little arms of mycorrhizal hyphae

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm (multiple distinct nuclei)

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei (zygote forms)

myco-

fungus

karyo-

nucleus

-gamy

reproduction

-cyte

cell

zygo-

joining or pairing

angio-/-angium

vessel

oo-

egg

-plast

group/cell

-phyte

plant

-phyll

leaf

photo-

light

rhizo-

roots

fungus groups

chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes

what is lichen?

mycobiont + photobiont

endophyte

fungus + plant

plant fungal parasites

smut, ergot, rusts, tar spot

animal fungal parasites

athletes foot, chytrids, zombie ants

red algae is source of…

agar, carrageenan, and nori

chlorophyte habitat other than freshwater

saltwater, tree bark, rocks, lichens, sloth fur

gametangium

vessel for gametes

antheridium

vessel for plant sperm

archegonium

vessel for plant egg

sporangium

vessel for spores

rhizoids

early roots

apical meristems

active cell division areas

sporopollenin

biopolymer that protects spores and gametes

gametophyte

multicellular haploid plant (n)

sporophyte

multicellular diploid plant (2n)

plant evolution order

algae, nonvascular, vascular seedless, gymnosperms, angiosperms

nonvascular plant phylums

marchantiophyta (liverworts), bryophyta (mosses)

xylem

carries water and minerals from soil to plant

phloem

carries food within plant

microphylls

1 unbranched vein, no leaf gaps (phylum lycophyta)

megaphylls

highly branched veins, leaf gaps

sporophylls

leaves that produce and house spores

homosporous spore production

1 type of spore —> bisexual gametophyte —> egg and sperm

heterosporous spore production

mega/microsporangium —> mega/microspores —> female and male gametophytes —> egg and sperm

seedless vascular plant phylums

lycopodiophyta, monilophyta

trichomes

hairs

gymnosperm groups

ginkophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta

percentage of plant species that are angiosperms

90%

male organs of angiosperm

stamen: anther and filament

female organs of angiosperm

carpel: stigma, style, ovary

sepals

part that encloses developing flower bud

anther

part where microgametophytes originate

double fertilization

one sperm cell fuses with polar cell (3n), and one fuses with egg (2n)

are angiosperms gametophyte dominant or sporophyte dominant

sporophyte dominant

micropyle

opening in ovule

integument

covering on ovule

megagametophyte

female gametophyte

microgametophyte

male gametophyte

cells within microgametophyte

generative cell and vegetative cell (tube cell)

generative cell

undergoes meiosis to form 2 sperm cells

vegetative cell

forms pollen tube

monocot

1 cotyledon, parallel veins, scattered vascular tissue, fibrous roots, pollen with 1 opening, flowers are multiples of 3

eudicot

2 cotyledons, net-like veins, arranged vascular tissue, taproot, pollen with 3 openings, flowers are multiples of 4 or 5

-sperm

seed

chytrids

protist like fungi

zygomycetes

food molds

glomeromycetes

arbuscular mycorrhizae

ascomycetes

spores in ascus, common in lichen, truffles

basidiomycetes

spores on basidium, well known fungi

marchontrophyta

liverworts, gamophyte dominant

fungi similarities to plants

multicellular, spores, asexual reproduction, cell wall, grow from ground

life cycle of animals

gametic

life cycle of plants

sporic