CJ Exam 2

traditional policing

reactive policing

exceptions to miranda

harris v. ny and berguis v. thompson

regulatory searches

searches conducted in regular course of business, by gov or not, like health inspection

escobedo v. illinois (1964)

a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police (case that solidified 6th amendment rights)

abilities under probable cause

warrants, arrests, and searches

abilities under reasonable suspicion

limited detainment; brief stops and searches

reasonable suspicion vs probable cause

probably cause: need some sort of support to show that a certain fact is true

reasonable suspicion: minimal/no evidence needed

policing is

dynamic

early english policing was

communal

post-norman conquest, creation of

frankpledge

frankpledge system

Peacekeeping system in early England in which a group of 10 local families mutually agreed to maintain the peace and make sure lawbreakers were taken into custody and brought to court.

in the medieval period, establishment of

justices of the peace

bow street runners (1789)

first formal law enforcement, recruited by governors (parish constables/night watchers)

metropolitan police act of 1829

An act introduced by Sir Robert Peel, which established London's Metropolitan Police Force. This is considered the beginning of modern public policing.

metropolitan police department in london created

patterns of recruiting

peelers

irish police

bobbies

english police

bobbies and peelers replaced

system of parish constables and night watchmen

colonial policing was

minimal and communal, recruited by governors/land owners

features of early policing (4)

appointed by friends, no training, unwarranted arrests, and bribery

type of policing in the colonies

reactive

because colonial police appointed by governors and landowners, citizens

didn't respect the police and didn't want the laws enforced

international association of chiefs of police (IACP) original goal

apprehend and return criminal offenders who have fled jurisdictions

august vollmer

Father of American Policing

IACP established in

1871

modern IACP goals

-Advancing the art and science of police work
-Fostering cooperation
-Developing information exchange among police agencies
-Promoting best practices (recruitment and training)
-Encouraging officers to behave with integrity and professional conduct

lucy gray

1880s LA police matron, helped women and children

police matron

title frequently given to women who worked in the early days of policing

marie owens

first woman to perform real police duties in chicago in 1893

lola baldwin

Given temporary assignment in 1905 with the Portland, Oregon Department of Public Safety for the Protection of Young Girls and Women

alice stebbens wells

first full-time paid police woman with arrest powers

georgia ann robinson

1st female black officer in 1947

gail cobb

1st female officer to die on duty

julius boyd loving

The first black deputy in the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Responsible for progressive programs in the jail system like the jail store, craft programs, a carpenter shop,, a shoe shop, and a tailor shop.

julius boyd loving system

3-tier bunks to reduce inmates sleeping on the floor, better conditions, and decrease overcrowding

early black police officer features (3)

worked in plainclothes, only in black neighborhoods, couldn't arrest whites

george garcia

1st hispanic police officer in NYC

manuel garcia y griego

1st hispanic officer to be killed in the line of duty (NM 1868)

thomas lightfoot

US Indian agent for the federally sponsored Indian police in 1869

thomas lewis

1924 first American Indian police officer

features of native american policing (4)

arresting intruders,
removing squatters' stakes,
driving out cattle, horses, & timber theives,
escorting survey parties

jim beltran

1st asian police officer (seattle, 1958)

"Challenge of Crime in a Free Society" (1967)

publication was a work that called for increasing educational requirements to college degrees and improved training programs, techniques, and facilities for policing

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

an act that provided resources to local and state government to assist in the adoption of reforms (increased admissibility of confessions, police could record wiretaps, and put regulations on firearm purchase)

parish constables

policing agents who operated in smaller towns. initially elected by parishioners. unarmed, unpaid, and part-time

shire reeves

precursors to sheriffs

sherrifs

early policing agents who were charged to pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal financial expense

watchmen

Used to protect property in England's larger cities and towns, and in colonial America. These individuals patrolled at night to protect the community from robberies, fires, and other disturbances

thief takers

Men hired by victims to capture criminal offenders. Once an offender was captured, the thief taker was paid a bounty. Often these individuals were very corrupt.

peelian principles

Widely cited list that described Sir Robert Peel's philosophy of an ethical police force. Research shows that these excellent principles were never provided by Peel

slave patrol

Policing group that originated in 1704 in South Carolina and consisted of a group of three to six white men who regulated the behavior of slaves and hunted down and punished escaped slaves

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

modus operandi system

system for solving crimes that facilitated the identification of crime patterns. first implemented by august vollmer.

rotten apple theory

the idea that corruption in most police departments can be traced to just a few officers

grass-eaters

Identified by the Knapp Commission as officers who acted as passive participants when others were engaging in bribery and corruption.

knapp commission

A committee that investigated police corruption in New York City in the early 1970's.

meat-eaters

identified by the Knapp Commission as officers who actively engaged in corrupt activities

discretion

allows police the freedom to make an arrest or not

patrol

police officers responsible for preventing crime, apprehending suspects, and assisting community members

reactive policing

a traditional style of policing relying on responding to calls for services

proactive policing

self-initiated officer activities to prevent and detect crime

community policing

a philosophy and style of policing that adopts proactive measures and collaborates with community members

problem-oriented policing

a policing style that emphasizes the use of data analysis and assessment to address crime problems

SARA model

the scan, analysis, response, and assessment model used in problem-oriented policing

crime triangle components

offender, victim, location

crime triangle

theory that focuses immediate concerts present to address issues; targeted enforcment

routine activity theory

Cohen and Felson's theory that posits that the convergence in space and time of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians increases the risk of criminal incidents

broken windows theory

a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe

hot spots

specific geographical locations identified as high crime areas

zero tolerance policy

a policy that focuses enforcement efforts on quality-of-life issues such as disorder and minor crime

intelligence-led policing

a means of creating efficiency and effectiveness in police agencies that emphasizes the importance of risk assessment and risk management

fusion centers

Developed under the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan to help in information exchanges on intelligence gathered from confidential informants, surveillance, and crime data analyses

compSTAT

a law enforcement strategy first adopted by the New York City Police Department that relies on crime mapping to identify hot spots and crime trends in order to effectively address problems

continuum of force

the degree of force and weapon an officer employs during an arrest depends on suspect's demeanor, weapons, and compliance

profiling

singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity, race, religion, or natural origin

mandatory arrest policies

policies that limit police discretion in certain situations; they are frequently applied to incidents involving domestic violence

private policing

Policing provided by private entities. Protection is extended to corporate executives and other high-profile individuals.

CopLink

an information technology system that offers tactical lead generation, crime analysis, and information sharing among local, regional, state, and national law enforcement agencies

high-activity location observation (HALO) cameras

Remote-controlled cameras that can view 360 degrees, zoom, and tilt. This technology enables law enforcement to observe and monitor areas of interest for criminal investigations and crime prevention.

less-than-lethal weapons

Weapons that provide viable options for dealing with resisting suspects; they include pepper spray, rubber bullets, beanbag guns, and sedative darts.

tasers

A type of conductive energy device or electronic control device. These devices offer a means of controlling suspects while saving lives and offering officers protection from injuries.

rule of law

No one is above the law

due process

rules and principles designed to protect private rights found in the fifth and fourteenth amendments to prevent the government from unfairly/arbitrarily depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property.

procedural due process

the government must employ fair procedures and methods (arrest and trial procedures)

probable cause

the existence of more than a suspicion that a person has committed an illegal act (substantial chance/fair probability of illegal activity)

reasonable suspicion

an objective basis supported by specific facts for believing that someone committed a crime

terry v. ohio (1968)

reasonable suspicion may be enough for an officer to stop and frisk a suspect

peters v. new york (1968)

court upheld stop and frisk where officer chased suspect after observing him sneaking around an apartment building; patted him down and found burglary tools

adams v. williams (1972)

reasonable cause for a stop and frisk may be based on information supplied by another person, such as a police informant

alabama v. white (1995)

an anonymous tip to police provided reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop

florida v. j.l. (2000)

An anonymous tip that a person is carrying a gun is not, without more, sufficient to justify a police officer's stop and frisk of that person.

mapp v. ohio (1961)

Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial

exclusionary rule

evidence obtained unlawfully—in violation of a person's constitutional rights—may not be used in trial

united states v. leon (1984)

Illegally obtained evidence may be used in a trial if it was gathered in good faith without violating the principles of the Mapp decision

fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

Evidence that is derived from an illegal search or interrogation, but isn't itself the subject of the search, is inadmissible.

inevitable discovery

illegally obtained evidence may be used if eventually it would have been found legally

seizures under the fourth amendment include (2)

arrest of suspect, confiscation of physical evidence

katz v. united states (1967)

Required all police to carry a search warrant before wiretapping phones to gain intelligence

california v. greenwood (1988)

no warrant was necessary to search trash

t-ray machines

machines that detect metal objects (can show outline of a hidden object like a gun)