Studied by 18 people
Intrapersonal Communication
communication w/ oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking (triggered by internal or external stimulus)
Interpersonal Communication
communication between people whose lives influence one another (influenced by social expectations)
Group Communication
communication among 3+ people interacting to achieve a goal (more task-focused and more complex)
Public Communication
a sender-focused form of communication in which one person is responsible for communicating something to an audience (most formal & intentional, often uncomfortable)
Mass Communication
communication that is transmitted to many people via prints or electronic media (sometimes formal & intentional, but sometimes not)
Transmission Model of Communication
a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (can be interrupted by noise)
Semantic Noise
receiver doesn’t understand meaning of the message
Mechanical Noise
Channel has trouble transmitting message
Environmental Noise
Action and sounds surrounding the receiver interfere
Ritual Model of Communication
cares less about the message of the communication and more behind the reasoning behind engagement; media engagements act as a “ritual” that give meaning to our relationships and lives (media organizes our time and space)
Publicity Model of Communication
what matters is how the media can publicize events and make things seem important; since the media is covering something, the public views it as important
Reception Model of Communication
what matters in the conveying of info (encoding & decoding)
Encoding
the sender’s act of encrypting the message
Decoding
the receiver’s interpretation of the message
What are the four dimensions of media literacy?
cognitive, emotional, aesthetic, moral
Cognitive Media Literacy
the ability to intellectually process information communicated by the media (words on a printed page, ominous music in a film, understanding location based off of exterior scenes)
Emotional Media Literacy
covers the feelings created by media messages (news reports of soldier returning home, reacting to a scary movie)
Aesthetic Media Literacy
interpreting media content from an artistic or critical POV
Moral Media Literacy
examining the values of the medium or the message (good guys win, murderers go to jail, cheaters never win)
The Global Village
concept that the world functions as a community because distance and isolation have been dramatically reduced by electronic media (optimistic view of the world)
Cultural Imperialism
the culture of a powerful civilization heavily influences that of a weaker civilization (pessimistic view of the world)
Powerful Effects Model
media can directly affect people’s actions and beliefs without them even realizing it — “hypodermic needles”
Limited Effects Model
people who have different experiences react to media in different ways
Payne Fund Studies
movies influence children’s attitudes and behaviors
Message Effects
looks at media content & considers their possible effects on people
Behavioral Effects
media content can influence buying a product, making a phone call, voting for a candidate
Attitudinal Effects
changes in feelings about a product, an individual, or an idea based on media content
Psychological Effects
when media inspires emotions such as joy, fear, anger, arousal, etc.
Medium Effects
the importance of the medium used to transmit messages
Ownership Effects
the owners of media control what ideas and topics the population receives
Active Audience Effects
people decode messages differently (based on geographic, demographic, and psychographic identities)
Two-Step Flow
mass media is filtered through “opinion leaders” before sharing with the public audience
Social Learning Theory
we learn through other people’s experiences
Uses & Gratification Theory
people choose the media they consume based on their own desires
Agenda Setting Theory
issues that are portrayed as important in the news become important to the public
Cultivation Analysis Theory
heavy television use cultivates a view of the world that is sharply at odds with reality
Mean World Syndrome
those who watch violent television see the world as more violent
Critical / Cultural Theory
how different groups critique media (decoding)
Social Imaginaries
our imagined beliefs about the ways people fit together with others (putting people into boxes w/ stereotypes)
Media Theory
media is an industry which involves various money-making types
The Audience Commodity
media attracts audiences using free things to gather them for advertising purposes (YOU are the product being brought and sold to advertisers)
Historically, most US media was owned by _______
individuals and families (John D. Rockefeller)
US media is not owned or controlled by the government (T/F)
True
Consolidation
process of a few large corporations taking control of many smaller companies owned by families or individuals
The Long Tail
a portion of a distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products (most niche products)
The Short Head
a portion of a distribution curve where a large number of people are interested in buying a limited number of products (most popular products)
Global Media Flows
how media products move throughout the world (legal & illegal products)
Globalization
the increasing connectedness and interdependence on world cultures and economies
Cultural Imperialism
the culture of a powerful civilization heavily influences that of a weaker civilization
Globalization vs. Cultural Imperialism
G = increasing connectedness between countries
CI = culture overtakes culture
Media Experience: Canada / UK / Western Europe
Content quotas limit foreign programming; currently shifting from public to private funding; press is often freer than press in America
Media Experience: Russia / Eastern Europe
media is censored for fears of government retaliation, it’s dangerous to question the government
Media Experience: Central / Latin America
media is often independent from the government (ease of flow vs of common languages between countries); dangerous for journalists due to organized crime
Media Experience: Islamic Countries / Middle East
mix of national, regional, and “small” media; heavy reliance on mobile for internet
Media Experience: Africa
radio and mobile are important media; issues of language
Media Experience: Asia
hosts many powerhouses of production and distribution (K-Pop, Bollywood, Anime); very large media markets in China and India
Note
Flashcard