5.4 - ds DNA, SS RNA, Influenza

Is ds DNA curable or for life?

for life

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is what type of virus? (nucleic acid + type of virus)

dsDNA, naked virus

Most strains of HPV cause what symptom?

warts

A few strains of HPV cause what?

cervical cancer

What’s used to screen for cervical cancer?

PAP smear

PAP smears recognize abnormal cervical cells if the cells they scraped are still ______.

replicating

So HPV vacinnes are mostly given to people to prevent ______ _____ rather than warts.

cervical cancer

Are the strains of HPV the same between the one that gives you warts vs cervical cancer? Or different?

different (some cause warts, some cause cancer, they don’t intersect)

HPV is a _____ containing many different strains

family

What are 3 techniques that can be used to diagnose specfic viruses that cause infections?

1. ELISA test

2. Bloodwork

3. Cytological changes

ELISA tests can be bought OTC; they look for?

particular viral antigen

e.g. of virsuses ELISA tests can detect are? (2)

covid-19, influenza A

Bloodwork tests for a variety of things which are: (3)

1. looks for + or - viral antigen

2. looks for nucleic acid of virus

3. looks for antibodies against viral antigen

The gold standard for IDing the virus is:

nucleic acid testing

Through bloodwork that checks + or - antigens, you can ID viruses like: (2)

HIV, Hep B

The antibodies you look for in bloodwork are: (2)

IgG, IgM

IgG indicates →

previous exposure (at some point)

IgM indicates →

active infection

If 2 patients come in, one with IgG positive antibodies, the other with IgM positive, which person is more at risk for spreading the virus?

patient with + IgM

For a person who comes in with IgG + but IgM - antibodies, the person’s virus is in ______.

latency

Cytological changes means →

cell changes

So an example of Cytological Changes is that HPV causes →

changes in cervical cells

Another example of Cytological Changes is that EBV (epstien-barr virus) causes what to our lymphocytes? →

squashes them

A branch of + ss RNA viruses is called →

Picornoviruses

Picornoviruses are described as very small and ______ virus.

naked

2 viruses within the Picornoviruses family are:

Rhinovirus, Poliovirus

Rhinovirus has around ~____ varieites.

100

What does rhinovirus predominantly cause?

common cold

Is there a vaccine for rhinovirus?

no (too many varieties)

For Poliovirus; the portal of entry = _____ and the portal of exit = _____.

oral; feces

What does poliovirus infect?

motor neurons (once these are damages, they can’t be remade)

On the extreme end, what can Polio virus lead to?

paralysis

Coronavirus has what nucleic acid strategy and what type of virus?

(-) ss RNA, enveloped virus

What type of penetration and exit method does Coronavirus/COVID-19 use? (2)

fusion (entry), budding (exit)

COVID-19 is transmitted how?

airborne

Influenza is what type of nucleic acid and what type of virus?

(-) ss RNA, enveloped virus

How does Influenza penetrate and exit host cell? (2)

fusion (entry), budding (exit)

How many genes does Influneza have on 8 RNA segments?

10

The Influenza virus has ___ spike and _ spike.

N, H

Influenza spikes have ______ mutations every year.

missense

These missense mutations change the shape of the _____.

spikes

When the RNA has a missense mutation and changes from H1N1 → H2N3 this is called ______ _____.

Antigentic Drift

Antigenic drift is considered a ____ change.

small

When 2 species infects a human at one time, it can lead to a ______.

recombinant

So if a person gets human influenza & avion flu at the same time → there’s a chance that …

the viruses create a recombinant of 2 species that creates a brand new virus

A brand new virus being created will cause a ______.

Pandemic

When a recombinant from 2 entirely different viruses occurs, this is called ______ ____.

Antigenic Shift

Antigenic shifts only happen every couple of ______.

decades