Drugs increasing neurotransmitter effects; direct or indirect
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Direct Agonists
Drugs mimicking neurotransmitters
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Indirect Agonists
Drugs blocking reuptake of neurotransmitters, causing repeated firing
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Antagonists
Drugs decreasing the effects of neurotransmitters by blocking release or reception of neurotransmitters at terminal buttons or dendrites
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Psychoactive Drugs
Drugs significantly affecting psychological processes such as thinking & perception; passing through the blood
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Depressants
A category of psychoactive drugs that inhibit CNS functions
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Opiates
A category of psychoactive drugs that lessen pain; agonists for endorphins
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Stimulants
A category of psychoactive drugs that activate SNS functions
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Hallucinogens
A category of psychoactive drugs causing perceptual & sensory distortions
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Brainstem
The part of the brain responsible for autonomic survival functions containing the medulla, pons, & midbrain
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Hindbrain
Portion of brain containing medulla, pons, & cerebellum
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Medulla Oblongata
Portion of hindbrain and brainstem controlling basic autonomic functions such as the heartbeat, breathing, & blood pressure
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Cerebellum
Portion of hindbrain controlling coordinated movement, equilibrium, & implicit memory
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Pons
Portion of hindbrain and brainstem connecting the brain & spinal cord involved in coordinated movements & equilibrium
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Reticular Activating System (RAS) / Reticular Formation
Set of nerves connecting medulla & pons
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Midbrain
Nerve system in the brainstem connecting the forebrain & hindbrain relaying and integrating visual & auditory information
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Forebrain
Largest portion of brain containing the cerebrum & limbic system
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Limbic System
Neural system involved in emotion, memory sexual stimulation, & learning
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Thalamus
Portion of limbic system that sorts sensory info and sends it to the cortex (all senses except for smell)
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Hypothalamus
Portion of limbic system controlling autonomic functions such as fight or flight, feeding, & fornication
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Amygdala
Portion of limbic system involved in controlling anger, aggression, fear, & highly emotional memories
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Hippocampus
Portion of limbic system involved in making short
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Contralateralization
Property of the brain that one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
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Cerebral Cortex / Cerebrum
Largest portion or brain divided into 2 hemispheres each with 4 lobes; frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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Frontal Lobe
Lobes at the front of the brain containing the prefrontal cortex involved in the highest level cognitive functions such as thinking, decision
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Parietal Lobe
Lobes at the top of the brain containing the somatosensory cortex involved in the sense of touch; contralateralized
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Temporal Lobe
Lobes at the sides of the brain contain the primary auditory cortex that processes auditory information and the auditory association cortex that distinguishes different sounds; contralateralized
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Occipital Lobe
Lobes at the back of the brain containing the primary visual cortex that processes visual information
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Broca's Area
Area in the left hemisphere of the brain that deals with expressive speech; damage to this area may cause Aphasia
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Wernicke's Area
Area in the left hemisphere of the brain that deals with speech comprehension; damage to this area may cause Wernicke's Aphasia
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Language lateralization
All language components of the brain are located in the left hemisphere
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Left Brain Hemisphere
Brain hemisphere charge of language & interpretation
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Right Brain Hemisphere
Brain hemisphere is in charge of spatial abilities, facial recognition, and art
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Neurogenesis
The creation of new neurons
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Structural Plasticity
The brain's ability to change its neural tissue; involved with Long
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Long
Term Potentiation (LTP)
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Functional Plasticity
The brain's ability to change function to compensate for a lack of tissue
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Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Machine measuring electrical activity in given brain areas
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Machine measuring oxygen levels in given brain areas, also showing brain imaging
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Sleep Cycles
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NREM to REM cycling
During sleep, the body goes through the NREM stages down to NREM 3 and goes back up the NREM stages to REM sleep
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REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement sleep; beta waves; the body is paralyzed and vivid dreaming occurs; increases in length as sleep progresses; sleep essential for the mind
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NREM Sleep
Non
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NREM 1
The first and lightest stage of sleep; alpha waves
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NREM 2
The second stage of sleep; slower theta waves
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NREM 3
The third and deepest stage of sleep; delta waves
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Restoration Theory of Sleep
Theory that sleep occurs to restore the body back to normal
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Memory Consolidation Theory of Sleep
Theory that sleep occurs to build strong neural memory networks
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Energy Conservation / Adaptive Theory of Sleep
Evolutionary theory of sleep that proposes sleep occurs to have enough energy to survive
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Psychological Theories of Sleep
Theories that dreams occur to access the unconscious mind
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Biological / Info Processing Theories of Sleep / Activation Synthesis Model
Theories that propose that dreams occur when the brain tries to interpret random thoughts that happen during memory consolidation
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Insomnia
A sleep disorder characterized by the inability to stay or fall asleep
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Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by a repeated cessation of breath during sleep
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Narcolepsy
A genetic sleep disorder characterized by sleep attacks into REM sleep
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Cornea
Clear shell around the outside of the eye
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Iris
The colored sphincter in a ring on the outside of the eye
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Pupil
Light hole of eye
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Lens
Clear flexible structure that projects & focuses images onto the fovea upside down
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Sclera
The white part of the eye in a shell around the inside of the eye
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Retina
The back of the eye involved in peripheral vision with rods
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Fovea
The center of the retina involved in focused vision with cones and color
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Rods
Black and white light receptors in the retinas that work well for low light levels
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Cones
Color light receptors in the foveas that are sensitive to high light levels
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Trichromatic Theory
Theory of perceiving color that every color is a mix of different ratios of red green and blue
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Opponent Processing Theory
Theory of color that when one color is stimulated its opposite color in a pair is inhibited, restimulating when the initial stimulated color is no longer stimulated; an explanation for afterimages; colors and their inhibiting opposites are in pairs: red
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Sensory Transduction
The process of external stimuli becoming neural signals, turning into perceptions
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Outer Ear
The visible parts of the ear on the outside made of the pinna and ear canal
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Pinna
The fleshy protrusions on the sides of one's head that bring in sound, part of the outer ear
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Ear Canal
The tube connecting the outer ear and middle ear
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Middle Ear
The section between the outer ear and the inner ear that is made up of the ear drum and the ossicles
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Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane)
The membrane in the middle ear that vibrates in reaction to sound waves
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The Ossicles
The three small bones connected to the ear drum that amplify the vibrations from it; the malleus, incus, & stapes
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Flashcard (59)