ENG U1/2 CH 3 PT1-Subsystems and metalanguage

Morphology

study of words and their parts. consists of one or more morphemes (smallest units of meaning)

Lexicology

study of words and their form

Morphemes

Smallest units of meaning within a word

Root

a single morpheme that contains the primary meaning of a word

Stem

a word consisting of one or more morphemes that can have an affix attached to it When a morpheme is taken away from a word, a stem remains. It is not a morpheme because it can be broken down further

Free morphemes

indivisible and stand alone as a word

Bound morphemes

Affixes that rely on a root or stem to be used in a word e.g un- (prefix) -bloody- (infix) in abso-bloody-lutely -ing (suffix)

Prefix

an affix that attaches to the front of a root or stem

Suffix

an affix that attaches to the end of a root or stem

Infix

affix placed inside a root or stem. Not usually found in standard english

Inflectional affix

bound morpheme adds grammatical properties to a word e.g tense (in v), number (in n) or possession (in n & pn)

Derivational affix

creates/derives a new word from the root or stem that it is attached to changes the meaning or form of existing words with its own dictionary entry

Lexicon

complete set of meaningful units

Lexeme

one unit of meaning

Nouns

names of people, places, and ideas

Common noun

Refers to things generically written using a lower-case letter. Can be modified by by adjectives or determiners eg. "I live in a house"

Proper nouns

specfic and capitalised words not usually modified by adjectives or determiners eg. "I live in Melbourne"

Pronouns

replaces noun or noun phrase and refers to other element in a setence makes text more cohesive by reducing repetition types

Subject pronoun

replaces a noun or noun phrase that is the subject of a sentence

Object pronoun

replaces a noun or noun phrase that is the object of a sentence

Reflexive pronoun

contains the suffix "-self" or "-selves" and refers back to another noun or pronoun, -intensive pronoun (emphasises subject) e.g The CEO hosted herself

Possessive pronoun

indicates possession or ownership Stands on its own e.g "That cat is mine." "I believe it's his."

Interrogative pronoun

Introduces a question 5 types

Relative pronoun

Introduces a relative clause by relating the cause to the noun it replaces e.g which, what, who, whom, whose and that

Demonstrative pronoun

Refers to a particular person, place or thing e.g "I gave him that" "I need to do this"

Verbs

Expresses actions, states or occurences

Types of verbs

time (past/present/future) + form (simple, progressive, perfect progressive and perfect)

Point of view

First, second, third person

Simple present verbs

a verb with general action or truth

Progressive vs perfect verb

an action continuing now vs completed

Present verb

ongoing action

Participles

→ a form of a verb that constructs tense and aspect forms also used as adjectives to modify a noun "the inspiring choir"

Infinitives

→ verb used as n, adj or adv formed by adding "to" -Discuss actions that haven't occurred yet -Shows purpose (I want to go), modify nouns (I want to eat cake), subject of a sentence (to go now would be silly), and after adjectives (happy to help)

Auxiliary verb

→ verb that supports the main verb 3 words

Modal auxiliary verbs (mod)

→ Express level of possibility, obligation, or necessity of an action happening which modifies their verb to change their mode No longer used are "rare" modals

Adjectives

describe nouns by providing extra information

Adverbs

→ describe, modify or qualify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases or sentences. Expresses time, place &manner, cause & effect, degree, certainty, frequency & comment 2 types

Interrogative adverb

→ An adverb used to ask a question. How, when, where, and why.

Relative adverb

→ An adverb that introduces a subordinate clause.

Where, why, when.

I can remember a time when I could eat four hamburgers.

Prepositions

→ Expresses a relationship between a noun phrase and another element in a sentence

-Describes time (the book was written on time); location (the book was on the table); space -spatial (I leaned against the tree) -conceptual (I took the book against my mother's wishes) -Multi-word prepositions e.g "apart from", "because of" -Can be used as different word classes

Conjunctions

→ link words, phrases, clauses and sentences together enabling the formation of complex and compound sentences

-Demonstrates relationship between words in the same class -Helps vary sentence structure, reduce repetition

Coordinators

→ demonstrates two or more elements of equal standing 7 coordinators

FANBOYS

For

Subordinator

Relationship btw parent (independent/main clause) and child (dependent/subordinate clause). The subordinator provides more info abt the main clause -Helps vary sentence structure, reduce repetition AND condense info -Increases cohesion & fluency e.g because, as, after, although, as, supposing, whether or not, now that

Independent clause

A clause that can stand alone as a sentence

Dependent clause

A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

Conjunctive adverbs

(aka conjuncts) joins two clauses or sentences in a way that demonstrates equality sentence/clause; conjunctive adverb, sentence/clause e.g also (addition), similarly (comparison), instead (contrast), namely (emphasis), hence (cause and effect), finally (time)

Determiners

in front of nouns to indicate if referring to something specific or something or a particular type. 4 types

Article

Determiner that occurs before a noun and provides info abt specificity or definiteness 3 types

Quantifier

Determiner that specifies quantity of noun using a scale of reference (none, few, all) e.g all, most, several, one

Demonstrative determiner

Indicates the person or thing, usually related to specificity and proximity e.g this, that, these, those

Possessive

Before a noun shows ownership e.g me, your, his

Interjections (interj)

a word or phrase that expresses feelings and sometimes requests/demands -adds emotion, used in conversation such as greetings -can be a sentence or part of one e.g Oh no, I've dropped my cake! Oh really? I never know that.

Content words

Provides semantic meaning

Function words

Helps grammar or structure of a sentence

Perfect progressive verb

ongoing action that has not been completed eg I have been writing a book

Simple verb

general action e.g I write books

Inference

determining meaning not stated explicitly in the text using our cultural and social understanding of the context Contextual clues include the state of the world, attitudes, emotions, prior knowledge Allows us to detect sarcasm, jokes, and meaning of idioms

Semantic domain

group/range of words with related meaning includes lexical related meanings (associations e.g skiing, avalanche for snow) and synonyms (similar meanings)