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Sui Dynasty

Sorry - Restored old political traditions, allowed religious freedom, and started public works projects.

Tang Dynasty

To - Helped father Gaozu found the Tang Dynasty, established fair leadership, and copied systems from the Sui Dynasty.

Song Dynasty

Say - Improved civil service exams, promoted trade and transportation, and focused on practical subjects in education.

Yuan Dynasty

You’re - Led by Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, controlled China, and opened up trade through the Silk Road.

Ming Dynasty

My - Rebuilt agricultural systems, supported manufacturing growth, and sponsored sea expeditions under Yongle.

Qing Dynasty

Queen - Founded by the Manchus, faced the Opium Wars, and led to the end of the maritime voyages.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the communist party in China, played a significant role in the Republic era.

Geography of China

Includes barriers like the Himalayas and Gobi Desert, important rivers like the Huang He and Yangtze, and the significance of Mongolia's border.

End of the Han Dynasty

Marked by internal conflicts, nomadic invasions, and natural disasters leading to the fragmentation of China.

Confucianism

Philosophy focusing on proper conduct, respect for elders, and government service to create a stable society.

Peninsula in East Asia

A geographical region bordered by China and Japan, featuring mountains, seas, and fertile coastal plains.

Korean Culture

Refers to the traditions, customs, and arts of the Korean people, including ceramic art and woodblock printing.

Moveable Type Printing

A printing method that uses reusable metal flexible characters, exemplified by the creation of the Jikji, the world's oldest book printed with this technique.

Heating System

The ondol system in Korea, where hot air from a fireplace is circulated beneath floors and rooms through passageways.

Cheomseongdae

The oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia, constructed in the 7th century, meaning "star-gazing tower" in Korean.

Warring States Period

A period in feudal Japan around the 1500s to 1603 characterized by conflicts among different provincial nobles vying for power.

Kyoto Court

Refers to the period when the capital of Japan was moved to Kyoto in 794 AD, with power held by the Fujiwara clan from 858 AD to 1185 AD.

Shogun

The military ruler of Japan who held real power under the emperor, leading the warrior government during feudal times.

Samurai

Warriors who served the Daimyo, protected their lands, and often held administrative positions, symbolized by the cherry blossoms.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The period from 1603 to 1867 when Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa family, featuring a structured social system with seven levels.

Ainu

Indigenous Japanese people excluded from society, facing strict social systems and hereditary class membership.

Women in Feudal Japan

Roles determined by class, with samurai women preparing sons for samurai life, while peasant women worked on farms.

Daimyo Loyalty

Sworn loyalty to the shogun, mandatory military service, and isolation to strengthen the Shogun's rule.

Samurai & Bushido

Armored warriors with a code of honor, including principles like courage, mercy, and loyalty.

Haiku

Three-line, 17-syllable poems aiming to evoke moods or insights into human existence.

Yasuke

African samurai serving Oda Nobunaga, representing the way of the warrior and the code of conduct.

Contact with the West

Interaction with Portuguese traders, contrasting societal structures and religious beliefs.

Buddhism's Denominations

Shingon, Pure Land, Nichiren, and Zen, each with unique teachings and practices.

Medieval Europe

Dark Ages, Charlemagne's empire, Feudalism, and the rise of Christianity in the fragmented kingdoms.

Feudalism

Emerged from instability in Europe, based on agreements between lords, vassals, and serfs for land and protection.

Pope

Religious leader of the Roman Catholic Church with authority over everyone, including kings and nobles, capable of excommunicating individuals.

Emperor

Political leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, sometimes conflicting with the Pope, unable to give orders to the patriarch.

Patriarch

Religious leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, granting more freedom to kings and nobles compared to the Pope.

Kings

Rulers of large territories, with less authority than the Pope, evolving into monarchies by the end of the Middle Ages.

Nobles

Lords or vassals living in manors, controlling the estate, and overseeing serfs working on the farmland.

Clergy

Religious leaders with land ownership, influencing medieval life through ceremonies, forgiveness of sins, and comfortable lives.

Knights/Vassals

Lower vassals fighting for lords in exchange for land, food, lodging, armor, and horse, following a code of chivalry.

Peasants/Serfs

Workers on noble's land, bound to the soil, living in poor conditions, farming, and providing the economic basis for manors.

Guilds & Towns

Revival of towns with craftsmen, tradespeople, and guilds regulating trade and controlling entry through apprenticeship.

The Church and its Power

Hierarchy including Pope, Cardinals, Bishops, Priests, Monks, and Nuns, influencing politics, education, and wealth distribution.

Religious Orders

Monastic orders focusing on service to God, Friars preaching and living off begging, and the establishment of universities.

An Age of Faith

Middle Ages characterized by church principles, salvation-seeking, church influence on daily life, and community-building.

Church Art and Architecture

Depiction of religious events through stylized art, Gothic cathedrals representing God's power, and art serving religious leaders.

Schism of 1054 (East-West Schism)

Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches due to disputes over supremacy and church control.

The Crusades & Reconquista

Series of Crusades aiming to reclaim the holy land, establishment of Crusader states, and conflicts with Muslim forces.

Sack of Constantinople

Crusaders seized Constantinople, pillaged it, burned libraries, destroyed churches, and stole valuable items.

Positive effects of the Crusades

The Crusades led to the expansion of trade, the introduction of gunpowder, and the growth of European poetry and music.

Reconquista

The reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christians, completed in 1492, reunified Spain after defeating Muslim rulers.

The Plague

The Black Death wiped out a significant portion of Europe's population, leading to labor shortages and changes in societal structures.

Rise of Central Governments

Power shifted from nobles to kings, leading to the formation of strong central governments in Europe.

The Hundred Years War

A series of wars between England and France from 1337 to 1453, which strengthened monarchies and improved military technology.

Renaissance

A cultural movement from the 1300s-1600s that revived Europe, emphasized humanism, and led to advances in art, writing, and economics.

Machiavelli

A Florentine writer who founded modern political science and emphasized the importance of state growth over justice in "The Prince."

Social Classes in the Renaissance

Society was divided into patricians or nobles, the commercial class, and the lower class, with limited social mobility.

Renaissance Art

Art during the Renaissance focused on form, decoration, and human subjects, moving away from purely religious themes.

Horizon line

Line indicating where the vanishing point is typically located, where the sky meets the land or ocean.

Vanishing point

Point where convergence lines meet, used to show depth and distance in images.

Atmospheric Perspective

Technique to depict depth by contrasting detailed foreground with blurry background.

Chiaroscuro

Italian for "light-dark," creating contrast between light and dark to show volume in art.

Realism

Artistic style focusing on detailed human anatomy, measured proportions, and emotions.

Fresco

Painting technique on wet plaster, used for murals; famous artists like Michelangelo used this method.

Printing Press

Invention by Johan Gutenberg, revolutionizing book production and spreading ideas efficiently.

Vernacular

A person's native language, encouraged by the printing press for wider access to literature.

Reformation

Movement against Church corruption, led to the split in Christianity and the rise of Protestantism.

Denominations of Protestantism

Various branches like Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anabaptism, and Anglicanism emerged during the Reformation.

Slash-and-Burn Technique

Clearing land by cutting down trees, burning them, using ashes to fertilize soil for farming

Olmec Civilization

Developed calendar for growing seasons, competed with neighbor tribes for resources, divided into elite and commoners

Maya Civilization

Built palaces, pyramids, and temples, played ball games, reached 3 million people at its height

Aztec Civilization

Settled in Tenochtitlan, used Chinampas for farming, formed Triple Alliance, practiced human sacrifice

Incan Empire

Covered Cuzco Valley, divided society into nobility and commoners, practiced vertical economy, prayed to gods and ancestors

European Explorers

Vasco de Gama sailed to India, Christopher Columbus reached Americas, Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs

Age of Exploration

Portugal controlled spice trade, Spain and Portugal divided lands with Line of Demarcation, led to European colonization

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal to honor the Line of Demarcation

Dutch East India Company

Chartered company from the Netherlands that controlled trade in Asia

Triangular Trade

Three-way trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving African slaves

Columbian Exchange

Movement of living things between the Americas and Europe

Mercantilism

Policy where a nation's power depends on its wealth

Caravel

Ship with square and triangular sails used for long-distance voyages

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs

Francisco Pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Incas

Smallpox & measles

Diseases that significantly impacted the Aztec and Inca populations

Aztec & Inca Responses

Differences in how the Aztecs and Incas reacted to Spanish conquest