Ch 4 Key Terms (Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774)

Patrick Henry

- Virginia lawyer, spoke in House of Burgesses to demand that king's govt recognize rights of all citizens (right to no taxation without representation)

Stamp Act Congress

- representatives from 9 colonies met in NY 1765 to form _____, only own elected representatives had legal authority to approve taxes

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

- secret organization for intimidating tax agents
- destroyed revenue stamps + tarred and feathered revenue officials

John Dickinson; "Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania"

- _____ of PA wrote in _____ that parliament could regulate commerce but not duties (form of taxation, not without consent of representative assemblies)
- claimed that no taxation without representation was essential part of English law

Samuel Adams

- wrote Massachusetts Circular Letter with James Otis in 1768
- denounced Boston Massacre as "massacre" and used it to encourage anti-British feelings
- believed that British officials undermined colonial freedoms
- initiated Committees of Correspondence in 1772
- began organizing committees that regularly exchanged letters about suspicious/threatening British activities --> VA House of Burgesses organized intercolonial committees in 1773

James Otis

- initiated call for cooperative action among colonies to protest Stamp Act in MA
- wrote Massachusetts Circular Letter with Samuel Adams in 1768

Massachusetts Circular Letter

- letter that urged colonies to petition parliament to repeal Townshend Acts

Committees of Correspondence

- initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772 to spread beliefs that British officials undermined colonial freedoms

Intolerable Acts

- Coercive Acts and Quebec Act = ______

George III

- wanted American colonies to bear more cost of maintaining British empire and pay for troops to guard frontier without increasing taxes in Britain

Whigs

dominant political party in Parliament

Parliament

British legislative body

salutary neglect

- Britain exercised little direct control over colonies, generally allowed laws regulating colonial trade to be unenforced
- abandoned as British took control of more territory

Lord Frederick North

- became new prime minister in London
- urged parliament to repeal Townshend Acts (damaged trade and only generated small amount of revenue)

Pontiac's Rebellion

- 1763: Chief Pontiac led major attack against colonial settlements on western frontier --> Natives angry w/ west expanding Europeans on their land and British refusal to offer gifts like French
- Pontiac's alliance of Natives in Ohio Valley destroyed forts/settlements from NY to VA
- British sent troops to put down uprising

Proclamation of 1763

- British govt issued _____ to prohibit colonists from settling west of Appalachian mountains to stabilize western frontier and prevent conflict with Natives
- colonists angry, thousands moved west beyond line set by British

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

- fourth (final and most decisive) war between France and Britain
- fight began in colonies then spread to Europe
- Britain and France realized the importance of colonies so they ship many troops to North America instead of relying on colonists
- Britain's victory - gave them unchallenged supremacy in North America, established them as dominant naval power in world (no more threats of attacks), changed British and colonists' view of each other (negatively)

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

- need for coordinating colonial defense
- in 1754, British govt called representatives from colonies to meet in congress at Albany, NY
- delegates from 7 colonies adopted plan _____, developed by Benjamin Franklin for intercolonial govt and system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for colonies' defense
- never took place but inspired other congresses in 1770s

Edward Braddock

- after first war of Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) went badly, an expedition from Virginia in 1755 led by _____ ended in defeat with 2,000+ British and colonial troops routed by French and Natives near Ft. Duquesne

George Washington

- governor of Virginia sent small militia led by _____ to stop French from completing work on Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh) and win control of Ohio River Valley --> small victory then surrendered on July 3, 1754

Peace of Paris (1763)

- peace treaty in 1763
- Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida
- France gave up Louisiana and land west of Mississippi River to Spain for Spain's loss of Florida
- British extended control of North America and French power ended

Sugar Act (1764)

- also known as Revenue Act of 1764
- placed duties on foreign sugar + other luxuries to raise money for crown
- Navigation Acts more strictly enforced to stop smuggling

Quartering Act (1765)

- required colonists to provide food+living quarters for British soldiers in colonies
- expanded to allow British troops to be quartered in private homes, applicable to all colonies

Stamp Act (1765)

- required revenue stamps to be placed on most printed paper in colonies (all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements) to raise funds to support British military in colonies
- first direct tax (collected from those who used goods) paid by people in colonies compared to taxes on imported goods paid by merchants

Declaratory Act (1766)

- stated that parliament had right to tax + make laws for colonies "in all cases whatsoever"
- would lead to more conflict between colonists and British

Townshend Acts (1767)

- new duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass, paper
- search of private homes for smuggled goods (with writ of assistance)
- required revenues raised to pay crown officials in colonies, making them independent of colonial assemblies that previously paid salaries

Writs of Assistance

general license to search anywhere

Tea Act (1773)

- made price of British East India company's tea (with tax) cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea to help with financial issues
- led to Boston tea party

Coercive Acts (1774)

- 4 acts to punish people of Boston/MA and bring dissidents under control: Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act

Port Act

- 1 of Coercive Acts (1774)
- the _____ closed port of Boston, prohibited trade in and out of harbor until destroyed tea was paid for

Massachusetts Government Act

- 1 of Coercive Acts (1774)
- the ______ reduced power of MA legislature while increasing power of royal governor

Administration of Justice Act

- 1 of Coercive Acts (1774)
- the _____ allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in Great Britain instead of in colonies

Quebec Act (1774)

- act organizing Canadian lands gained from France
- accepted by most French Canadians but resented by many in 13 colonies
- established Roman Catholicism as official religion of Quebec, set up govt without representative assembly, extended Quebec's boundary to Ohio River
- colonists viewed _____ as direct attack on American colonists (took away lands they claimed along Ohio River), feared British would enact laws to take away representative govt, Protestants resented recognition to Catholicism

Enlightenment

- peak in mid-18th century
- years that future leaders of American Revolution (Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, Adams) came to maturity

Deism

- god established natural laws in creating universe but role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal
- believed rationalism, emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity

Rationalism

- trust in human reason to solve problems of life and society

John Locke

- inspired political philosophy of Enlightenment
- known for natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

- French philosopher, further developed political philosophy of Enlightenment