War and Empire Review

Historical Interest

Cuba was viewed as a valuable asset by Americans, often compared to a ripe fruit that could fall into U.S. hands.

John Quincy Adams' Perspective (1823)

Adams saw Cuba as a 'ripe apple' waiting to be claimed, reflecting U.S. dominance aspirations in the Caribbean.

Cuban Revolution (1868)

A significant rebellion against Spanish authority, known as the Ten Years' War, highlighting Cuba's desire for autonomy.

Exiled Revolutionaries

Figures like Lola Rodríguez de Tió and José Martí rallied American support for Cuban independence through activism.

Cuban Insurrection (1895)

José Martí reignited independence efforts; revolutionaries used guerrilla warfare against Spanish economic interests.

Spanish Response to Insurrection

General Weyler's brutal tactics included forced reconcentration of civilians, escalating American sympathy for Cuban rebels.

American Investment in Cuba

U.S. businesses heavily invested in Cuban sugar and tobacco, leading to divided opinions on military intervention.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized newspaper reports that exaggerated Spanish atrocities to stir public outrage and influence U.S. intervention.

Maine Explosion (1898)

The USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, leading to calls for war as journalists blamed Spanish sabotage.

Spanish-American War Duration

The conflict lasted approximately four months, marking a shift from isolationism to imperialism for the U.S.

Philippines Campaign

Led by Roosevelt, the U.S. Navy achieved a swift victory in Manila, demonstrating naval capabilities.

Cuba Campaign

American troops faced disorganization but achieved key victories like San Juan Hill, with diverse forces contributing to success.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Concluded the war, granting Cuba independence and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.

Debates over Colonialism

The treaty sparked debates between anti-imperialists and expansionists regarding U.S. colonialism.

Cuba's Governance

The Platt Amendment allowed U.S. control over Cuba, raising questions about self-determination and ethical implications.

Puerto Rico's Governance

The Foraker Act established limited self-governance, leading to eventual U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans in 1917.

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

Filipino struggles for independence faced U.S. military resistance, resulting in significant casualties and moral dilemmas.

Legacy of Spanish-American War

The war transformed the U.S. into a colonial power, influencing foreign relations and its role as a world power.