Unit 4: The Civil War and Reconstruction

shared history and government, becoming wealthier, language, religion, and more people are becoming more literate

what are some similarities between the North and South states?

south has slave labor, plantation agriculture, and cotton as their cash crop; north has factories, 1st industrial revolution, market revolution, commerce, and free labor

what are the differences between North and South states?

peculiar institution

an institution unique to southern society

good for the slaves and their owners, argue that the Bible agrees with slavery, so slavery is a good institution, and historically sound (right) because every ancient story has used slavery

what are some reasons to justify slavery?

california gold rush

ready for statehood very quickly

compromise of 1850

one of the worst compromises clay has made and everyone hates him for this

california wanted to be a free state, but most of its territory was in the south

what was the problem during the compromise of 1850?

john c calhoun, henry clay, and daniel webster

who are the leaders of the compromise of 1850 debate?

california is admitted as a free state, which gives control of congress of both houses to the free state; domestic slave trade in washington dc will be banned

what are some of the reasons why the south hates the compromise of 1850?

mexico and utah will use popular sovereignty to determine the status of slavery; only they get to decide on the status of slavery; and part of the reason is because they will pass the fugitive slave act

what are some of the reasons why the north hates the compromise of 1850?

fugitive slave act, 1850

this is meant to enforce the fugitive slave clause strictly and guarantee the runaway slave clause

trial

alleged runaways no longer get a jury ___ to determine their status

paycheck

the judge gets a bigger ___ if they rule in favor of the slaves

federal police officers and citizens

who is required to actively help slave catchers?

northern reaction on the fugitive slave act

they cannot believe this law, hate it, and are trying to nullify the fugitive slave law

personal liberty law

what was the law that the north passed to nullify the fugitive slave act?

southern reaction on the fugitive slave act

displeased; membership of the underground railroad is going to drastically increase

harriet tubman

born a slave in maryland, ran away by herself in 1849 successfully, became a conductor of the underground railroad, 19 trips down south to help slaves and never got caught, brought 70 slaves to freedom, and was so successful that she was called “Black Moses”

harriet beecher stowe

who wrote the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

she was angry about the fugitive slave act

why did stowe write the book uncle tom’s cabin?

southern states

they are enraged by the book because it paints them as horrible people

northern states

love the book and fully supports it

senator stephen douglas

represents the state of illinois and is a democrat; came up with the idea of the transcontinental railroad

transcontinental railroad

douglas came up with this idea to unite the states and to expand across the country

bleeding kansas

this is when pro-slavery border ruffians are going to kansas and abolitionists move to kansas at the same time to vote illegally on election day

charles sumner

senator from the north and an abolitionist

preston brooks

representative from South Carolina and beat sumner with his walking stick

dred scott v. sandford

he was a slave himself and his owner would travel between illinois and wisconsin often

scotus ruling

taney states that slaves are not citizens, therefore they cannot sue anyone; slaves are property, there should not be any laws that restrict the ownership of slavery

roger taney

the supreme court chief justice during this time

james buchanan

he was a northern democrat, but he supported the idea of slavery

abraham lincoln

republican, became popular in a short amount of time because he is a good lawyer

stephen douglas

northern democrat; in a debate with lincoln

freeport doctrine

douglas’s answer in the lincoln-douglas debate is known as the ___ ___

a house divided

lincoln gives a speech called “___ ___ ___”

william seward

gives a speech called “irrepressible conflict”

harpers ferry

where are the u.s. army weapons stored?

john brown

radical abolitionist; planned to lead a slave rebellion from harpers ferry because there were a lot of weapons

virginia

which state puts brown on trial?

martyr

brown is held up as a sympathetic ___

presidential election of 1860

this is when four people run for president

abraham lincoln

says no slavery expansion in the territory and there would be internal improvements

john breckinridge

says that we must follow the supreme court and protect slaves

stephen douglas

promises popular sovereignty

john bell

says to leave slavery alone

lincoln has the best shot at winning because the democrats are split

what was the outcome of the presidential election of 1860?

secession

there was a lot of ___ and lincoln was able to win the votes without the south

south carolina

which state officially seceded from the union because lincoln won?

confederate states of america

the states themselves will be primary; they gave the states more power and protection, but they copied the articles of confederation; they elected another president named jefferson davis; lincoln believes that secession is illegal, the csa is invalid, and it is his job to preserve and protect the union

battle of fort sumter

confederates fired upon this place, marking the beginning of the civil war

2nd wave of secession

lincoln’s job is to protect his people and put an end to this rebellion (response to fort sumter)

evasion

lincoln called for ___ and the four southern states seceded from the confederacy

advantages for union

they have a bigger population, more railroad signs, and will have a stronger economy. the economy is so big that they can supply the military without the government’s help

advantages for confederacy

they are fighting from their homes (defending home is a more concrete motivator); their armies get to operate on interior lines; they do not have to move a lot; they don’t have to win and have to fight long enough until the union says they don’t want to fight anymore (a tie is good enough)

northern women

most of the union women were not married; they formed aid societies (they would help and comfort soldiers in the army); middle-class white women work for the government and this is the first time women would take over men’s jobs

southern women

confederate women’s jobs would be harder if they were working on farmland; they work to aid societies; urban working-class women would work in an ammunition factory; they are fighting in their homeland

dorothea dix

who is in charge of all union female nurses?

battle of antietam

robert e. lee was the leader of this battle

robert e. lee

the confederate chief general and rarely lost battles

battle of antietum

known as “america’s bloodiest day”

emancipation proclamation

the victory was just enough for lincoln to publish this; if they wanted to ban slavery, they had to redo the constitution; this does not do anything much, but it frees confederate slave states; it offers clarification roles

battles of vicksburg and gettysburg

win both battles and grants control of the entire Mississippi River

gettysburg address

an encouragement for americans to keep fighting and it clarifies the goal of the union war effort

general ulysses s grant

lincoln puts this person in charge of the union army

william t sherman

in charge of the confederate army

battle of appomattox court house

this is when lee has to end up surrendering. also marks the end of the civil war

union

which side wins the battle of appomattox court house?

confederates

which side loses 2/3 of their wealth during the civil war, meaning it is completely wiped out?

union

which side got wealthier by 50%?

john wilkes booth

who assassinates president lincoln?

13th amendment

this says that slavery is illegal in the U.S. and this needed to be ratified for the 10% plan to work

10% plan

the percent of the state population had to pledge their loyalty to the union and then they would be allowed to create new state constitutions

andrew johnson

this person tries to continue Lincoln’s plan as the new president. he insists that the southern states ratified the 13th amendment, which required the seceding states to hold new constitutional conventions and create new state governments

new state governments

who had to repeal secession statements and abolish slavery

black codes

keep African Americans or former slaves in a subordinate role in Southern society and also try to recreate the coerced labor system

civil rights act of 1866

meant to guarantee black citizenship rights. this is when Johnson vetos the law and for the first time, Congress overrides Johnson’s veto. Congress decides that Johnson is too weak when it comes to the South AND amendments

1st ku klux klan

terrorist organization; their goals were to destroy the Southern Republican Party to prevent former slaves from exercising any newly acquired rights and freedoms; over 6 years, they are going to kill about 20,000 men, women, and children across the South

radical republican party

radical republicans desire to create “a republic free from the burden of racism”. this also puts them in charge of the congressional reconstruction

reconstruction act of 1867

all the state governments created under Johnson’s plan should get rid of them; military occupation of the south; require the former confederate states to register all qualified black and white voters

new voters

___ ___ are going to elect delegates to a state convention that will write a new state government

andrew johnson’s impeachment

this is when johnson was found not guilty by one vote. this is inconsequential for the rest of his term

14th amendment

ratified in july 1868; defines citizenship as including anyone who is born or naturalized in the country regardless of race; prevents states or the federal government from denying the right to citizenship without a process of law; nullifies the Dred Scott decision

15th amendment

ratified in april 1870, prohibits states and the federal government from denying somebody the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

scalawags

poor southern whites supporting the republican party in the south and were called traitors

carpetbaggers

white northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War who also typically supported the republican party

freedmen’s bureau

under Grant’s presidency, helped transition the South into a free labor system after the Civil War, and the greatest success of black education; they are not going to transition the South into a market successfully based commerce economy

sharecropping

partly driven by economic necessity; big plantation owners will divide up their land into smaller plots and are going to rent out those plots of land to poor whites and former slaves

land-owners

who is going to provide the land, seeds, and tools as a “loan”?

share of their crops

how did sharecroppers pay their rent?

republican governments

civil rights laws passed meant to protect the rights of former slaves, establish a public school system, and rebuild a lot of infrastructure; because of this, it is costly to make taxes dramatically higher and make the parties extremely unpopular

economic recession

this is in the early to mid-1870s and northerners became more concerned with fixing the economy than they were with protecting the rights of former slaves in the South

rutherford b hayes

removes troops from the South and officially declares reconstruction to be over and that the federal government is no longer going to intervene in Southern political affairs

“redemption”

southern democrats are going to regain control of the state governments through massive voting frauds (1877)

voting fraud

destroy ballots cast by African Americans and stuff the ballot box with their people where they take over every Southern state government; deny citizenship rights to African Americans

voting restrictions

they had poll taxes and literacy tests on African Americans

jim crow laws

laws designed to keep African Americans and white Southerners in separate public spaces; the goal is to maintain a society based on white supremacy