Plant Taxonomy - Exam 3 (Strobilus, flower, fruit)

Dehisces

Breaks open

Anthesis

Completely expanded flower

Receptacle

Attachment site of the four floral whorls. Involved in the dispersal of seeds.

Perianth

Composed of the calyx and corolla.

Tepal

Sepals and petals are undifferentiated. Found in lilies.

Calyx

First whorl. Made up of all the sepals.

Sepal

Leaf-like or petal-like appendages.

Color, pattern, texture, shape, and fragrance are variable, though mostly green and leaf-like.

Protect the immature flower.

May attract pollinators.

May have trichomes.

Trichomes

Fine hairs

Corolla

Second whorl. All of the petals.

Petals

Petal-like or leaf-like appendages.

Color, pattern, texture, shape, and fragrance are variable and abundant.

Protect the immature flower.

May attract pollinators, typically through nectaries.

May have trichomes.

Nectaries

Produce a sugary substance

Androecium

Third whorl. Male. All the stamens. May have trichomes.

Stamen

Microsporophyll

Anther and filament

Anther

Composed of pollen sacs.

Dehydrates and dehisces, releasing the pollen.

Filament

Thin stalk. Provides structural support and elevation for the anther.

Gynoecium

Fourth whorl. Female. Composed of all the carpels or pistils. May have trichomes.

Carpel

Modified leaf, the basic unit of the gynoecium

Pistil

Megasporophyll.

May be composed of one or more carpels that are modified leaves, folded lengthwise, with fused margins.

Stigma

Pad for pollen. Post commonly perched on the style, less commonly sessile on the ovary. May be simple or compound. May be free, partially free, or completely fused. Can be wet, usually sticky or dry, usually with papillae, short trichomes or long branching trichomes.

Style

Thin neck. An extension of the pistil. A perch and structural support for the stigma. May be simple or compound. May be free, partially fused, or completely fused.

Ovary

The largest portion of the pistil. Produces the ovules. Matures into a fruit.

Ovule

Single or up to thousands in a carpel. Matures into a seed.

Egg in angiosperms

Female gamete. After fertilization, matures into an embryo.

Monocotyledon whorls

Most commonly in threes or multiples of 3

Dicotyledon whorls

Most commonly in 4s or 5s or in their multiples.

Complete flower

All floral whorls are present

Perfect flower

Both male and female parts are present and functional

Synecious

A perfect form. Every flower on the plant is perfect

Incomplete flower

One or more floral whorl is absent or nonfunctional

Imperfect flower

Either male or female parts are absent or nonfunctional.

Staminate flower

Androecium is present and functional, gynoecium is absent or nonfunctional

Pistillate

Gynoecium is present and functional, androecium is absent or nonfunctional

Imperfect forms

Monoecious and dioecious

Monoecious

Staminate and pistillate flowers are borne separately but on the same plant

Dioecious

Staminate and pistillate flowers are born on different plants

Actinomorphic

Regular symmetry. Ray shaped. Radially symmetric.

Zygomorphic

Irregular. Bilaterally symmetric.

Free

Floral whorls or parts are distinct (unattached)

Fused

Floral whorls or parts are fused

Connate

Same floral parts are fused. Ex.: petal-petal

Adnate

Different floral parts are fused. Ex. Stamen-petal

Perianth

Nonreproductive parts of a flower. Usually sepals (calyx) and petals (corolla)

Asepalous

Sepals absent. The least common form of an incomplete flower that is missing a perianth part.

Aposepalous

Polysepalous. Sepals free.

Synsepalous

Gamosepalous. Sepals fused.

Apetalous

Petals absent. The most common form of an incomplete flower that is missing a perianth.

Apopetalous

Polypetalous or choripetalous. Petals free.

Blade

Flattened portion of a petal or leaf.

Petal blade attachment

Sessile

Claw

Sessile petal

The blade is directly attached to the receptacle or hypanthium

Petal claw

The blade is attached to the receptacle or hypanthium by a narrow stalk-like claw

Hypanthium

The fusion of the bases of all of the filaments, petals, and sepals. Form a disk, bowl, or urn-shaped structure

Sympetalous

Gamopetalous. Petals are fused.

Campanulate corolla

Bell

Funnelform corolla

Rotate corolla

Salverform corolla

Tubular corolla

Urceolate corolla

Urn

Bilabiate corolla

Two lipped

Papilionaceous

Butterfly

Tetradynamous

The stamens are two different lengths, four of one length and two of another length

Connate

Stamens are fused, most commonly the filaments, less commonly the anthers, as in Asteraceae

Monodelphous

Filaments of all the stamens are fused into a cylinder (hibiscus)

Diadelphous

Filaments of the stamens are fused into two separate bunches

Polyadelphous

Filaments of the stamens are fused into many separate bunches

Syngenesious

Anthers of the stamens are fused (shooting star flowers)

Adnate

Stamens that are fused to other floral parts

Epipetalous

Filaments of the stamens that are fused to the petals

Staminodes

Sterile stamens that may be variously modified

Alternate stamen position

Attached to the receptacle BETWEEN the petals

Opposite stamen position

Attached to the receptacle IN FRONT of the petals

Included stamens

Stamens shorter than or do not extend beyond the length of the corolla

Exerted stamen length

Stamens are longer than or extend beyond the length of the corolla

Distinct pistil

pistils are free from one another

Monocarpous

A gynecium with one pistil or carpel

Simple pistil

A pistil with one carpel. Results in a single ovary with one locule. Ex. drupes

Apocarpous

A gynoecium with multiple pistils or carpels, all free. Multiple simple pistils. Ex. strawberry

Connate pistil

Pistils are fused to one another

Syncarpous

A gynoecium with multiple pistils or carpels, all fused.

Compound pistil

A pistil with multiple carpels, all fused. Results in a single ovary with multiple locules. Ex. orange.

Locule

Carpel

Hypogynous

Low. Superior ovary. Other floral parts are attached BELOW the ovary

Periogynous

Middle. Half-inferior ovary. Other floral whorls attached halfway up the ovary.

Epigynous

Upon. Inferior ovary. Other floral whorls attached above the ovary.

Ovule attachment

Attachment of the ovules to the ovary. Due to the formation of the carpels or carpel

Marginal ovule placement

A single locule from one carpel. Ovules attached in two rows at the two margins of the fused carpel. (Legume pod)

Axile

Two to many locules from two to many carpels divided by septa. Ovules attached along the central axis formed from the fused margins of the carpels. (Okra)

Parietal

One locule, from two to many carpels, NOT divided by septa. Ovules attached along the fused margins of the carpels, no axis formed due to the absence of septa. (Spiny melon)

Free central

One locule, from two to many carpels, not divided by septa, with a free central axis. Ovules attached along the fused free central axis of carpels, no septa. (Kiwi)

Apical ovule placement

Ovules attached at the TOP of the ovary

Basal ovule placement

Ovules attached at the BOTTOM of the ovary

Solitary flower

A single flower

Sessile

Flower is attached directly to the stem

Pedicellate

Flower is attached to the stem by a stalk

Inflorescence

Groups or clusters of up to thousands of flowers

Peduncle

The stalk that attaches the inflorescence to the stem

Rachis

The main axis of the inflorescence, an extension of the peduncle

Pedicel

The stalk that attaches the flower to the rachis