Chapter 2 - Aviation History

_________ ________, particularly in the early years of aviation fundamentals, provides and understanding of the foundations of air power. (Sec 2A 2.1)

Aviation History

What is the term for a combination of one or two separate unclassified words that are assigned an unclassified meaning and used for unclassified administrative, morale, or public information purposes?

hint: two word term. (Sec 2A 2.1)

operational names

What are the 4 typical general suggestions for naming operations? (Sec 2A 2.1)

1) make them meaningful

2) target key audiences

3) avoid fashion

4) make them memorable

In what year did military aviation become a noteworthy potential?

hint: The French Aerostatic Corp’s balloons accompanied the Armies of the French Revolution (Sec 2A 2.2)

1794

By 1853, Britain’s Sir _______ _______ created a glider with fixed wings, cambered airfoil, and horizontal and vertical stabilizers. (Sec 2A 2.2)

Sir George Cayley

in 1861, a Balloon Corps provided Aerial observation and Reconnaissance for the Union Army during what war? How many balloons in the inventory proved to be useful? (Sec 2A 2.2)

American Civil War

7 Balloons

In the early 1900s, who were the two people that conducted more than 1,000 glides and achieved the first powered, sustained, controlled airplane flight? (Sec 2A 2.2)

Orville and Wilbur Wright

(the Wright Brothers)

What president established an Aeronatural Division in the U.S. Army’s Signal Corps?

What day and year was this established? (Sec 2A 2.2)

President Theodore Roosevelt

1 August 1907

The U.S. Army Accepted its first of many aircraft, the Signal Corps No. 1, from the Wright Company in what year? (Sec 2A 2.2)

1909

In what year did the Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps become established? (Sec 2A 2.3)

1907

Who were the first two enlisted men in the Aeronautical division to be schooled in the rudements of fabric handling, folding, stitching, the manufacturing of buoyant gases, and the control of the Army’s aircraft?

note: schooling took place at Leo Steven’s Balloon Factory in New York, New York. (Sec 2A 2.3)

Eddie Ward and Joseph Barrett

What were the two significant concerns regarding military aviation in the Signal Corps? (Sec 2A 2.3)

1) developing an inventory

2) ensuring the safety of the pilots

What is squadron is recognized as the oldest squadron in the USAF?

hint: they were activated in 1913. (Sec 2A 2.3)

The 1st Aero Squadron

Who was the first enlisted person to die in an accident in a military aircraft?

hint: he was a Corporal and the Wright Biplane Chief Mechanic. That was his first and only flight. (Sec 2A 2.3)

Corporal Frank Scott

Who is recognized as the first American enlisted pilot, one of only a handful of WWI enlisted aviators.

hint: he was a Captain who received his pilot’s license in June of 1912. He had 10 years as an enlisted man and commissioned during WWI serving 25 years as an officer (Sec 2A 2.3)

Vernon Burge

Who was deemed the father of Blind Flight?

hint: He was a Sergeant. In June 1930 he flew approximately 900 miles from San Antonio to Scott Field Illinois in an enclosed cockpit. He received the Legion of Merit in Jan 1955 as a result of the training devices he pioneered that saved lives during WWII. (Sec 2A 2.3)

William C. Ocker

On 18 July 1914, with the passage of U.S. House Resolution 5304, the bill authorized the Signal Cops to establish an _________ _______. (Sec 2A 2.4)

aviation section

During the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 who raided Columbus New Mexico? (Sec 2A 2.5)

Francisco “Pancho” Villa

In what year did President Woodrow Wilson order the 1st Aero Squandron to assist ground forces in protecting the border and apprehending Pancho Villa?

hint: it was between 1910-1920. (Sec 2A 2.5)

1916

Who is known as “A Man of Many Firsts”?

hint: He was assigned to the Offie of the Chief Signal Officer in 1908. In 1910 he took the Signal Corps No 1 to Texas where he conducted tests to demonstrate the aircraft’s military usefulness. He commanded the Pancho Villa Expedition and played a major role in planning and implementing the $640 million aviation program. (Sec 2A 2.5)

Benjamin D. Foulois

The Allies, often referred to as Entente Powers initially consisted of what 3 entities in 1907? (Sec 2B 2.6)

1) The French Republic

2) The British Empire

3) The Russian Empire

The opposing side, often referred to as the Quadruple Alliance included what 4 entities? (Sec 2B 2.6)

1) The German Empire

2) Australia-Hungary

3) The Ottoman Empire

4) The Kingdom of Bulgaria

All 24 Aero squadrons were formed by early 1917, but which squadron was the only one that was fully equipped, manned and organized when the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917?

The 1st Aero Squadron

________ dictated that pilots were drawn form the ranks of commissioned officers, but the Aviation Section realized the pressing need for trained enlisted personnel to preform duties in supply and reconstruction and to serve specialized functions in the emerging aviation related fields.

hint: one word. (Sec 2B 2.6)

Tradition

Which French pilot used a deflector blade concept and attached steel plates to the propellor of his aircraft which enabled him to fire through the propeller arch of his aircraft? This innovative process enable this many to achieved the first aerial victory in history.

note: when engine trouble forced him to land behind enemy lines the germans captured him as a POW and studied the concepts of his aircraft leading to creating the first true fighter plane, the Fokker Eindecker. (Sec 2B 2.7)

Rolan Garros

What is a Flying Ace or an “ace”?

(Sec 2B 2.7)

a military aviator credited with shooting down multiple enemy aircraft during aerial combat.

Who is known as the Ace of Aces?

note: he has 26 confirmed aerial victories and held the American record for victories until WWII. (Sec 2B 2.7)

Captain Edward V. Rickenbacker

“Fast Eddie”

As early as 1915, Americans flew in the European war with the French and the British. The French Air Service established the __________ ___________ in 1916. in 1918, American members of this team transferred into the U.S. Army Air Service while the French formed the Escadrille Jeanne d’Arc. (Sec 2B 2.7)

The Lafayette Escadrille

Who was the first African American Military Pilot?

hint: he is referred to as “The Black Shallow of Death”. He enlisted in 1914 and was assigned to the 3rd marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion. (Sec 2B 2.7)

Corporal Eugene Bullard

President Wilson issued and Executive order that transferred Army Aviation control forms eh Signal Corps to the Secretary of War. During what four days did this occur?

(Sec 2B 2.8)

20 May 1918 - 24 May 1918

Who is known as the Father of the USAF? (Sec 2B 2.9)

William “ Billy” Mitchell

This young bombardier was selected to demonstrate the capabilities of air power. Against established tactics, during the demonstration this man and the NBS approached the USS New Jersey at 85 miles per hour, they scored two hits and the USS NJ went down in 3 minutes. (Sec 2B 2.9)

Sergeant Ulysses “Sam” Nero

Who was the last enlisted pilot in WWI?

hint: he retired from the Air Force in 1957 as a Master Sergeant. (Sec 2B 2.9)

George H. Holmes

_____________ Day (aka Veterans Day in present times), may be best known as the signing of an agreement to end the war in the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month. What year did this take place?

hint: starts with an ‘A’ (Sec 2B 2.9)

Armistice Day

1918

The U.S. ______ _____ Corps was established as a step toward recognizing the autonomy of aviation and its role in modern warfare. (Sec 2B 2.10)

The U.S. Army Air Corps

Through a brief series of changes, in 1926 the Air Service Tactical School, designed for military officer professional development was renamed the ____ _____ Tactical School. (Sec 2B 2.10)

the Air Corps Tactical School

In 1926, the Air Corps _______ School was established at Chanute Field, Illinois. At this school students participate din a range of experimental work, including altitude flights, blind flying, aerial photography, cosmic ray research, and the development of the parachute.

hint: this is a different name than the Air Corps TACTICAL school. (Sec 2B 2.10)

the Air Corps Technical School

Who was the first Chief of Staff of the Air Force? (Sec 2B 2.10)

General Carl A. “Tooey” Spaatz

General Ira C. Eaker was an aviation pioneer and articulate advocate of aerospace power. As a strong advocate for daylight strategic bombardment, during Operation ______ ______, Eaker directed the daylight campaigns while the British conducted their night area bombings.

(Sec 2B 2.10)

Operation Point Blank

What does the letters GHQ in the Air Force stand for? (Sec 2B 2.11)

General Headquarters

What year was the U.S. Army Air Forces established in?

hint: It was in June of ____. It replaced both the U.S. Army Air Corpsand the GHQ Air Force. (Sec 2B 2.12)

1941

Who became the Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces in WWII? Under General _________ command, the force expanded to nearly 2.5 million members and 75,000 aircraft. (Sec 2B 2.12)

Henry H. Arnold

Name 3 of the Allied Power countries that existed in World War II. (Sec 2C 2.13)

France, Poland, the United Kingdom, British India, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Balkans, Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, Yugoslavia, United States, Russia and China

Name the 3 Axis Power countries that existed in World War II. (Sec 2C 2.13)

Germany, Japan and Italy

Recognizing the need fora. robust national defense, in the year ______, President Roosevelt called for American industry to build __,___ military aircraft a year in preparation for defending our nation’s interest.

hint: first blank is a year. second blank is a number between 10,000 and 90,000. (Sec 2C 2.14)

1940

50,000 military aircraft

Knows as “a date which will live in infamy” Imperial Japan dealt a devastating blow to the U.S. at Pearl Harbor. What day was this exactly? (Sec 2C 2.14)

7 December 1941

What year did President Roosevelt sign Executive Order 8802?

hint: this order prohibited racial discrimination within the services. (Sec 2C 2.15)

1941

What year did President Truman sign Executive Order 9981?

hint: this order abolished racial discrimination. (Sec 2C 2.15)

1948

In 1944, the first __________ Airmen to fight in WWII were members of the 99th Fighter Squadron, a united commanded by black West Point Graduate, Colonel Benjamin O. Davis JR.

hint: starts with a ‘T’. (Sec 2C 2.15)

Tuskegee Airmen

Who was the first African American General in the U.S. Air Force?

hint: SR not JR. (Sec 2C 2.15)

General Benjamin O. Davis SR

In 1941 the first American Volunteer Group, was organized to reinforce China’s efforts against Japanese Invaders. This group included pilots from the U.S. Army Air Corps, U.S. Navy, Marine Corps and civilians. What was the official name of this group?

hint: a popular animal amongst Japanese imagery/culture. (Sec 2C 2.15)

The Flying Tigers

What was the name of the 3 Flying Tigers squadrons?

hint: bible, large animal, motorcycle group (Sec 2C 2.15)

1) Adam & Eves

2) Panda Bears

3) Hell’s Angels

In June 1941, Congress passed Public Law __, which established an enlisted pilot training program. The law permitted enlisted men between the ages of _ and _ who graduated in the top half of their high school class to apply

hint: first blank public law #?, minimum age and maximum age (Sec 2C 2.15)

Public Law 99

ages 18 and 25

The Women’s ____ _________ Corps was created in May 1942 and whin a year became the Women’s Army Corps, which was essentially the women’s branch of the U.S. Army. (Sec 2C 2.15)

Army Auxiliary

Who is considered “the greatest female aviator of all time” and “the most outstanding woman pilot in the world”? She was the first woman to be honored with a permanent display of her memorabilia at the USAF Academy. (Sec 2C 2.15)

Jacqueline Cochran

Who is considered the Most Decorated woman in all of United States Military History? She successfully combined two careers (flight attendant and flight nurse) to become this most decorated woman. (Sec 2C 2.15)

Lillian K. Keil

Operation _______, otherwise known as ‘Big Week’, was launched with the objective of winning air superiority and crippling Germany’s aircraft industry. This took place form 20-25 February 1944

hint: synonym for disagreement, dispute, squabble (Sec 2C 2.16)

Operation Argument

When did D-Day take place? (Sec 2C 2.16)

6 June 1944

What is the name for the longest, bloodiest air campaign in history? This devastated Germany’s forces from 1942 to 1945, the Allies flew 1.44 million combat sorties and dropped 2.7 million tons of bombs.

hint: abbreviation is CBO (Sec 2C 2.16)

Combined Bomber Offensive

In conjunction with the British humanitarian mission referred to as Operation Mana, in May 1945 the U.S. Army Air Forces delivered four thousand tons of food to three million Dutch in the German-occupied Netherlands during Operation ________. (Sec 2C 2.16)

Operation Chowhound

Who became the first Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force in 1967? Notably in 1988 he recieved the Air Force Prisoner of War Medal. (Sec 2C 2.16)

Paul W. Airey

Who was the only enlisted Airmen to have a B-17 named in his honor? He did this by flying 44 missions as an aerial gunner with the 95th Bomb Group. It was 19 more missions than required to complete his tour. (Sec 2C 2.16)

Sator Sanchez

What is the name of the raid that took place on 18 April 1942 that inflicted little damage on Japanese efforts and destroyed an entire fleet of its own B-52’s? This gesture shocked Japanese military leaders but boosted morale for the American Public. (Sec 2C 2.17)

The Doolittle Raid

In July 1945, following a successful atomic test of the first nuclear bomb, the Allied Powers issued an ultimatum calling for the Japanese Government to surrender or suffer “prompt and utter destruction”. What was the name of this bomb? (Sec 2C 2.18)

Trinity

In 1944, after 8 years of research, German scientists successfully launched the world’s first Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile, the _-_ rocket.

hint: first blank is a letter and second blank is a number(Sec 2D 2.20)

The V-2 Rocket

Following the war, Major General ______ E. _____, envisioned space operations to be an extension of air operations. He tasked the Research and Development Corporation to propose a preliminary design of ran experimental world-circling spaceship (aka satellites). (Sec 2D 2.20)

Curtis E. LeMay

In the late 1940s President Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite as part of the IGY, which was a cooperative effort to gather scientific data about the earth for the period of 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958. What does IGY stand for? (Sec 2D 2.21)

International Geophysical Year

What does ICBM stand for? (Sec 2D 2.21)

intercontinental ballistic missle

The Air Force developed 2 launch ranges necessary to get satellites into space. Where are these launch bases located?

1) Cape Canaveral, Florida

2) Vandenberg AFB, California

What does GPS stand for? (Sec 2D 2.24)

Global Positioning System

In January of 2001, a commission headed by Donald Rumsfeld, warned about a possible “space _____ ______” which a potential enemy would launch a surprise attack against United States based military space assets.

hint: think of another significant surprise attack event. (Sec 2D 2.25)

“space Pearl Harbor”

On 11 January 2007, the world receive a wake up call when _____ conducted its first successful direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) test by destroying one of its own satellites. (Sec 2D 2.26)

China

Who said the following quote: “We can see no more clearly all the utility and implications of space ships than the Wright Brothers could see fleets of B-29s bombing Japan and air transports circling the globe”?

hint: think about the same guy that proposed the idea of satellites. (Sec 2D 2.27)

General LeMay

Who was the Air Force Chief of Staff who said the following quote in 2018: “time for us as a service, regardless of specialty badge, to embrace space superiority with the same passion and sense of ownership as we apply to air superitiorty today. I believe were going to be fighting form same in a matter of years. We are the service that must lead joint was fighting in this new contested domain.”? (Sec 2D 2.27)

General David Foldein

On what day did President Donald Trump sign the U.S. Space Force Act as part of the National Defense Authorization Act in 2019? (Sec 2D 2.28)

20 December 2019

What does the following acronym stand for: USAFSAM? (Sec 2D 2.28)

United States Air Force School of Aviation Medicine

Who was the name of the Dr. that persuaded former German Luftwaffe scientists, engineers and technicians to form the nucleus of the world’s first Department of Space Medicine at the USAFSAM? Which AFB was this located in? (Sec 2D 2.28)

Dr. Harry Armstrong

Randolph AFB in San Antonio, TX

Who volunteered to become America’s first ‘space traveler’? This simulated space expedition inspired TV producers to make an episode of “Twilight Zone” based on the events. (Sec 2D 2.28)

Donald Farrell

NASA relied on Air Force scientists to test and study the physiological effects of space travel on what type of animals before American astronauts could be launched into orbit?

monkeys