HAN 200 lecture 1

Anatomy

The study of structure (form)

Palpation

touching, measuring heart rate

auscultation

hearing, stethoscope, heart/lung sounds

Gross or macroscopic

regional,
surface, and systemic anatomy

Microscopic

anatomy that requires a microscope to study, focusing on cellular and tissue structures.

cytology

the study of cells

histology

the study of tissues

arthtro

joint

cardio

heart

chondro

cartilage

derm

skin

hemo

blood

histo

tissue

hyper

above

hypo

below

leuk

white

myo

muscle

neuro

nerves

osteo

bone

path

abnormal

pulmo

lungs

sub

below

super

above

Integumentary system

The body's largest organ system, primarily consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and various glands. It forms a protective barrier against the external environment, regulates body temperature, enables sensation, and synthesizes Vitamin D.

skeletal system

Composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. It provides structural support for the body, protects internal organs, allows for movement, stores minerals (like calcium), and produces blood cells (hematopoiesis) within the bone marrow.

muscular system

Composed of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. It is responsible for body movement, maintaining posture, producing heat, and stabilizing joints. Skeletal muscles are typically voluntary and attach to bones, while smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary, controlling internal organ functions and heartbeats, respectively.

how many skeletal muscles in the human body?

640

what is the largest muscle in the body?

gluteus maximus

what is the busiest muscle in the human body?

obricularis oculi

nervous system

A complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body. It is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which consists of nerves extending throughout the body. It controls and coordinates all bodily functions, including thoughts, movements, and sensations.

endocrine system

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood. closed system

what is the length of the small intestine

the height of a two story building

lymphatic system/ immunity

A network of vessels, nodes, and organs (like the spleen and thymus) that works in conjunction with the immune system. It plays a crucial role in fluid balance by returning leaked fluid from blood vessels back to the blood, absorbing fats from the digestive tract, and defending the body against disease by housing white blood cells (lymphocytes) that detect and destroy pathogens. lymph nodes get swollen when sick.

digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. indigestible foodstuff eliminated as feces

urinary system

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. kidneys make urine

male and female reproductive systems

produce offspring. testes produce sperm and male sex hormone and ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

Characteristics of life

organization , cellular compositi, metabolism, responsiveness and movement, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, evolution

Homeostasis

The presence of a stable internal
environment
• Illness or death occurs when homeostasis is
not maintained
• The foundation of physiology

Homeostatic regulation

the adjustment of
physiological systems to preserve
homeostasis

Negative feedback mechanism

• The primary mechanism of homeostatic
regulation
• Provides long term control over the body’s
internal conditions and systems.
• Receptor stimulation triggers a response that
changes the environment at the receptor
• Control center activates an effector that
negates the original stimulus

Negative feedback mechanism

a control mechanism where a systems output counteracts or opposes changes in it’s input, working to stabilize the system and maintain a steady state.

Examples of negative feedback

Regulation of body temperature
• a nervous mechanism
• Regulation of blood volume by ADH
• an endocrine mechanism

Positive feedback

Accelerates a process to completion
• Initial stimulus produces a response that
enhances the change in the original condition
• Found when a dangerous or stressful process
must be completed quickly

way less common

positive feedback examples

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
• Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Gradient

hill or slope

flow down the gradient

requires no energy

flow up (against) the gradient

requires energy

Pressure gradient

Blood flow from heart or air flow into the lungs

Concentration gradient

Water flows (osmosis) from an area of high chemical (sodium)
concentration

Electrical gradient

+ charged ions will move to area of relative negativity; ex: electrical
current

Thermal gradient

Heat will flow to a cooler area

Control mechanism steps

1. stimulus

2. receptor

3. input

4. output

5. response

Control mechanism stimulus

produces
change in
variable

Control mechanism receptor

detects change

control mechanism input

Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center

control mechanism output

Information sent along
efferent pathway to
effector

control mechanism response

of effector
feeds back
to reduce
the effect of
stimulus
and returns
variable to
homeostatic
level

which is not a component of a control mechanism

set point

Which of the following is an example of a
negative feedback mechanism?

The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone under the
influence of the hormone TSH. TSH release decreases when
thyroid hormone levels reach their set point

Axial

Head, neck, and trunk

appendicular

limbs

anatomical position

thumbs pointing out, facing forward, feet pointing forward

Cranial

brain

Posterior/dorsal

back

anterior/ ventral

front

caudal

lower

proximal

Closer to the central point

distal

further away from the central point

Medial

middle or inner part

Lateral

outer or side part

Cephalic region (head)

frontal (forehead)

orbital (eyes)

nasal (nose)

oral (mouth)

mental (chin)

cervical region

neck

Thoracic region

axillary (armpit)

mammary (breast)

sterna (sternum)

abdominal region

below diaphragm

umbilical (belly button)

pelvic region

pelvis, pelvic bones

Inguinal (groin)

Pubic region

genital

upper limb region

Acromial (tip of shoulder)
Brachial ( upper arm)
Antecubital (elbow)
Antebrachial (forearm)
Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand) region

Palmar (palm)
Pollex (thumb)
Digital (fingers)

Lower limb region

Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (knee cap)
Crural ( lower leg)
Fibular or peroneal (lateral side of lower knee)

Upper limb region

Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
(forearm)

sagittal plane

left and right

Frontal plane

front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections

Sagittal plane

left and right sections

transverse plane

upper (superior) and lower (inferior)

Dorsal cavity

A) Cranial (brain) cavity
• B) Vertebral (spinal) cavity

Ventral cavity

A)Thoracic ( heart and lungs) cavity
• B) Abdominopelvic (stomach, spleen, bladder) cavity

The presence of a stable internal
environment is known as

Homesostasis

The component of a negative feedback loop that
detects changes in the body is known as the

receptor

Active tissues generate carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the tissue
into the bloodstream to be carried away. What type of flow gradient
would this demonstrate?

concentration gradient

Serous membrane (serosa)

Thin, double-layered membrane separated by
serous fluid

parietal serosa

lines body cavity walls

visceral serosa

covers organs in the cavity

Serous fluid

secreted by both membranes

provides lubrication between the layers
- reduces friction

Visceral Pleura

surrounds the lungs

Parietal pleura

lines thoracic wall

axial region

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Which layer of the serous membrane lines the body
cavities?

parietal

Name the muscle that divides the thoracic from abdominal cavity

diaphragm