AP Psychology REVIEW

All units 1-9.

empirism

knowledge comes from experience and is developed through observation and experimentation

structuralism

elements of conscious experiences form the thought and mind

functionalism

structures of consciousness serve a function

experimental psychology

experiments to explore the cognition and mental processes

behaviorism

examines behavior (observable and measurable action) and aims to predict and control it, objective science only NO introspection

humanistic psychology

impact of drive for growth and self actualization on behavior and the mind

psychology

study of behavior and mental processes

nature-nurture issue

is behavior and the mind innate or affected by the environment? genes vs experience

natural selection

traits/behaviors that help survival will be passed down

levels of analysis

biological, cognitive, and sociocultural

biopsychosocial approach

influence of biological, psychological, and social processes on behavior and mind

behavioral psychology

link between minds and behavior, influence of behavior on mind

biological psychology

link between biology and physiology to behavior and mind, feelings and behaviors have an organic root

cognitive psychology

study of mental processes/thinking, perceiving, learning, remembering, communication, and problem solving

evolutionary psychology

viewing behaviors from an evolutionary/adaptation perspective

psychoanalytic

by Freud, effects of unconscious drives and conflicts and early childhood on behavior and mind

• free associations, resistances, dreams, and transference interpretations release repressed feelings to create self-insight

social-cultural psychology

how behavior and the mind varies across situations and cultures

psychometrics

link between observables on behavior and mind

basic research

scientific inquiry to increase knowledge

applied research

scientific inquiry to solve a practical problem

educational psychology

link between a student’s capacity to learn and the behavior and mind

personality psychology

person’s patterns and adjustments to life and how it affects their mind

industrial-organizational psychology

solving human problems in jobs/organizations

human factors psychology

using psychology to study how people interact with machines and technology

counseling psychology

helping people cope with struggles and crises using psychology

clinical psychology

assess and treat mental/behavioral/emotional disorders

psychiatry

uses medicine to treat physical causes of mental/emotional/behavioral disorders

community psychology

link between environment and the behavior on the mind of a community

testing effect

enhanced memory through recalling and not rereading

SQ3R

survey, question, read, retrieve, review

wilheim wundt

made 1st psychological lab, introduced introspection. wanted to understand and measure the mind

g. stanley hall

1st psych doctor, 1st president of APA, made theories on selective breeding and sterilization

william james

father of functionalism

mary whiton calkins

studied under william james, 1st female APA president, denied PHD

margaret floy washburn

studied under titchner. 1st female psych PHD

b.f. skinner

behavioral perspective

• operant conditioning, award and punishment

• reinforcement

• operant rat box

ivan pavlov

behavioral perspective. classical conditioning, linking 2 stimuli to create a response

jean piaget

cognitive perspective, 4 stages of cognitive development from 0-12

• sensorimotor

• preoperational

• operational

• formal

charles darwin

studied natural selection, influenced evolutionary psychology

dorothea dix

reform mental asylums, mental health advocate

hindsight bias

habit to believe that you would’ve seen something coming after learning an outcome

critical thinking

examine assumptions, appraise sources, find hidden biases, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions

theory

an explanation using principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

hypothesis

testable prediction

operational definition

statement of exact procedures/operations in a study

replication

repeat experiment exactly to confirm

case study

one person or group is studied to find out universal truths

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in non-controlled environments

survey

self-reported attitudes and behaviors by a person

sampling bias

where surveys are conducted and who they are sampled changes the results

population

everyone in a sample group

random sample

fairly represents a population to increase equal chances of inclusion for each

correlation

how well 2 factors predict the other

correlation coefficient

3rd variable

• if negative then it’s inverse

• if positive then it’s direct

scatterplot

+1.0 to -1.0. closer to the extremes, stronger it is. bunch of dots

illusory correlation

perceiving something where there is nothing/not as strong

experiment

when IVs are changed to affect DVs

experimental group

receivers of the treatment/IV

control group

non-receivers of the treatment/IV

random assignment

assignment due to chance, less pre-existing differences which controls confounding factors

double-blind procedure

researchers and participants don’t know who’s in what group

placebo effect

expectations affect behavior

independent variable

factor being changed

dependent variable

measured outcome of the change

confounding variable

unwanted variable being changed

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe group characteristics

mode

most frequent number

mean

average of all numbers

median

middle number

skewed distribution

uneven scores/data on one side

range

diff between lowest and highest value

standard deviation

how spread out the scores are from the mean

normal curve

bell curve, more near middle than extremes

inferential statistics

numerical data to generalize sample data to a population

statistical significance

how likely a result is due to chance/p-value

informed consent

asking full permission with warnings and description

debriefing

fully explaining the experiment at the conclusion of it

neuron

nerve cell

dendrites

receive messages

axon

passes away messages

myelin sheath

covers axon to speed up impulses, insulates and protects

action potential

signal/neural impulse

refractory period

neural impulse stage where the membrane is impermeable and nothing happens as it resets

threshold

the limit, once surpassed something triggers

all or none response

either a neuron fires or it doesn’t, more stimuli won’t make it fire more

synapse

the space between a foot and dendrite of another axon, this is where signals cross

neurotransmitter

hormones

reuptake

neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron

endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

agonist

excites neuron firing

antagonist

inhibits neuron firing

nervous system

sends signals around the body

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord, main control center

peripheral nervous system

the network of nerves connecting to tissues

nerves

bundled axons of many neurons that form neural cables

sensory/afferent nerves

sense organs to the CNS

motor/efferent nerves

CNS to muscles and glands

interneurons

sensory neurons to motor neurons

somatic nervous system

controls skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

controls glands and internal organ muscles