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Bacteria
Most well-known prokaryotes, divided into many phyla
Proteobacteria
Gram-negative bacteria, largest phylum, includes E. coli and Salmonella
Gram-positive bacteria
Distinguished by purple gram staining, large peptidoglycan component
Metabolic diversity
Variety in energy and carbon sources
Environmental diversity
Varied by temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, and oxygen levels
Quorum sensing
Bacteria communication to sense population and environment
Specialization
Differentiation in cells like spore formation for survival
Cyanobacteria
Oxygenic phototrophs, form filaments, have heterocysts
Spirochetes
Pathogens causing syphilis and Lyme disease
Chlamydia
Respiratory and sexually transmitted intracellular pathogens
Microbial Eukarya
Includes protists, fungi, and slime molds
Protists
Algae and protozoa with chloroplasts, simple nutritional needs
Fungi
Non-photosynthetic, crucial for nutrient recycling
Viruses
Parasitic, require host for replication, contain DNA or RNA
Prions
Misfolded proteins causing diseases like mad cow disease
Beneficial microorganisms
Essential for recycling, food production, and biotechnology
Pathogens
Microorganisms causing or capable of causing disease
Gram staining
Distinguishes bacteria based on cell wall composition
Peptidoglycan
Polymer in cell walls composed of NAG and NAM
Cell envelope
Structural layer of bacteria including cell wall and membrane
Lipopolysaccharide
Major component of Gram-negative outer membrane
Bacilli
Rod-shaped bacteria
Cocci
Spherical bacteria
Spiral bacteria
Bacteria with a spiral shape
Binomial nomenclature
Genus and species naming system for all living organisms
Lipid
Non-typical phospholipid in the outer membrane
Core polysaccharide
Attached to NAG in the outer membrane
Fatty acid chains
Medium- and long-chain FA (C6, C12, C14, C16, C18)
Outer Membrane
Composed of LPS layer and inner phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Lipoproteins
Proteins with a lipid component anchoring the outer membrane to peptidoglycan
Structural rigidity
Function of outer membrane providing stability
Endotoxin
Toxic component often referred to as Lipid A in the outer membrane
Biofilms
Formed by polysaccharides aiding in attachment to surfaces
Fimbriae
Filamentous structures aiding in attachment to surfaces
Pili
Longer than fimbriae, aiding in attachment, conjugation, and invasion
Type IV Pili
Special class aiding in attachment and twitching motility
Subcellular storage compartments
Stores nutrients for survival off excess; carbon, sulfur, magnetic, polyphosphate
Gas vesicles
Found in planktonic prokaryotes for buoyancy and response to cues
Endospores
Dormant phase structures formed under unfavorable conditions
Spore Structure
Consists of exosporium, spore coat, cortex, and core wall
Appendages
Include pili and flagella for attachment and motility
Motility
Three types: swimming, gliding, twitching, responding to environmental cues
Bacterial Flagella
Long, thin appendages for movement and attachment
Flagellar Motor
Anchored in cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, with different rings in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
Flagellar Speed
Rotates up to 300 rotations/sec, driven by pmf
Swim Patterns
Differ based on flagellum location and arrangement
Gliding Motility
Movement without flagella, slower and constant
Microbial Taxes
Responses to physical or chemical stimuli, like chemotaxis and phototaxis
Binary Fission
Bacterial cell division process resulting in two identical daughter cells
Generation time
Time taken for a population to double in number through binary fission/Time for one cell to divide into two identical cells
Balanced Growth
Cellular constituents increase proportionately during generation time
Exponential Growth
Cell number doubles over a constant time interval
Logarithmic Growth
Cell number plotted on a semilogarithmic scale against time
Arithmetic Growth
Cell number plotted against time on a linear graph
Stationary Phase
Phase where no net increase or decrease in cell population occurs
Death Phase
Stage where more cells die than divide, net decrease in population
Quorum Sensing
Bacteria produce virulence factors based on cell concentration
Chemostat
Device to maintain constant cell population by replenishing nutrients
Viable Counts
Counting live cells on a nutrient agar plate to estimate density
Turbidimetric Methods
Measure turbidity to estimate cell density, quick and inexpensive
Gene
Functional unit of genetic information
DNA
Genetic material consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA
Ribonucleic acid; expressed from DNA
Double Helix Structure
Formed by complementary strands binding in a double helix
Nucleic Acid
Consists of nucleotides with sugar, base, and phosphate
Polynucleotides
Formed by phosphodiester bond formation between nucleotides
mRNA
Messenger RNA carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosome
tRNA
Transfers RNA converting mRNA information into amino acids
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA, catalytic and structural components of ribosome
Replication
Duplication of DNA double helix
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA to mRNA
Translation
Synthesis of protein from mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome
Whooping cough
The causation agent is the gram-negative cocci bacterium Bordetella pertussis, an infection of the respiratory tract that results in inflammation of the lungs and inability to clear the organism
Polar flagellation
flagellum at one or both ends of cell
Lophotrichous
numerous filaments as a tuft
Amphitrichous
single tuft at opposite ends
peritrichous
flagellum all over the cell
eukarya types
protist, protazoans, fungi, viruse, prions
Aerotaxis
response to oxygen levels
Osmotaxis
response to ionic strength
Protist
Include algae and protozoa, have chloroplast
protozoans
Lack cell wall; majority are motile ( flagellum/cilia)