Thẻ ghi nhớ: English Linguistics 1 | Quizlet

phonetics (ngữ âm học)

study of speech sounds

articulatory phonetics

the study of the production of speech sounds

auditory phonetics

the study of the perception of speech sounds

acoustic phonetics

the study of the physical properties of the speech waves which constitute speech sound

A consonant is defined as a speech sound which is articulated with some kind of stricture, or closure, of the air stream.

Consonants are classified according to four features:

1. the state of the glottis: in vibration (voiced) or open (voiceless);

2. the state of the velum: lowered (nasal) or raised (oral);

3. the place of articulation: the location where the stricture or place of maximum interference occurs and what articulators are involved; and

4. the manner of articulation: the amount of stricture, whether it is complete, partial (called “close approximation”), or relatively open (“open approximation”).

The term “approximation” refers to the two articulators approaching (or approximating) one another.

In describing the place of articulation for consonants, it is traditional to list the active and then the passive articulator. Consonants involve a rather large number of discrete  places of articulation (see Figure 2.3):

1.________: the lips are brought together (the lower lip is active); the tongue is not involved but remains in the “rest position” (its position when you say ah for the doctor) – e.g. the sound of “b” in English;

2.____________: the lower lip is brought up against the upper front teeth; again the tongue is in rest position – e.g. the sound of “f ” in English;

3.__________: the tip of the tongue (or apex) protrudes between the teeth or touches the back of the upper teeth – e.g. the sound of “t” in Spanish or “th” in English;

4.________: the tip of the tongue makes contact with or is in close approximation to the alveolar ridge – e.g. the sound of “d” in English;

5._______________: the front, or blade, of the tongue is raised to an area between the alveolar ridge and the palate – e.g. the sound of “sh” in English;

6.________: the front of the tongue is brought up against the palate – e.g. the sound of “y” in English;

7.______: the back, or dorsum, of the tongue is brought into contact with the velum – e.g. the sound of “g” in English;

8. uvular: the back of the tongue touches the uvula;

9. pharyngeal: the root of the tongue (specifically, the epiglottis) is moved backwards against the wall of the pharynx; and

10.________: the vocal cords, functioning as articulators, make a brief closure.

bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, alveolopalatal, palatal, velar, glottal

While the uvular and pharyngeal places are not used for the articulation of English consonants, they are used in other languages: e.g. the uvular for German “r” and a French fricative and the pharyngeal for a fricative in Arabic.

Each of the various places of articulation just examined may combine with a number of different manners of articulation to produce consonant sounds:

1.____: (“____ _____”) involving complete closure of two articulators with the velum raised (velic closure) – e.g. the sound of “p” in English;

2._____: (“____ _____”) involving complete closure of two articulators with the velum lowered (“velic opening”) – e.g. the sound of “n” in English; for every stop position in English, there is a nasal articulated in the same position (homorganic);

3._______: (or “_______”) involving close approximation of two articulators; the air stream is partially obstructed so that a turbulent airflow is produced, resulting in a hissing or rubbing sound – e.g. the sound of “s” in English;

4.__________: consisting of a stop released into a homorganic fricative – e.g. the sound of “ch” in English; this sound is analyzed either as a complex or a simple sound;

5. trill: (or “roll”) involving complete closure alternating intermittently with open approximation, that is, a rapid vibration of the active articulator against the passive articulator (this sound in not common in English except for the Scottish “r” made with an apical trill);

6. flap: (or “tap”) involving momentary complete closure in which the active articulator strikes the passive articulator only once; it is one strike of a trill and similar to a stop except that the tongue is more tense and controlled than in a stop; and

7.___________: one articulator approaches another but generally not to the extent that a turbulent air stream is produced; there is usually open approximation in the three different types of approximants:

a. _______: involving complete closure of the central portion of the vocal tract, with the lateral passage of air; the air may pass around the sides with no stricture (open approximation) – e.g. the sound of “l” in English – or, in languages other than English, with some stricture (close approximation);

b.________: involving the underside of the tongue curling back behind the alveolar 

ridge towards the palate – e.g. the sound of “r” in English; laterals and retroflexes are called “liquids”;

c. ______ (or _________): involving a glide to or from a vowel; this sound is articulated like a vowel (with no stricture) but functions as a consonant to begin or end syllables – e.g. the sound of “w” in English.

stop, oral stop, nasal, nasal stop, fricative, spirant, affricate, approximant, lateral, retroflex, glide, semivowel

orthography (chính tả)

the conventional spelling system of a language

grapheme

the smallest meaningful contrastive unit in a writing system

incongruity

nonconformity, disagreement, incompatibility

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet

larynx (the voice box/the Adam's apple: thanh quản)

a tube-shaped organ in the neck that contains the vocal cords; located between the pharynx and the trachea

vocal cords (dây thanh âm)

two small bands of elastic tissue; lying opposite each other across the air passage in the larynx

pharynx (hầu, họng)

the space behind the tongue, immediately above the larynx, reaching up towards the nasal cavity; a connector & resonator.

palate (ngạc)

forms the roof of the mouth: alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum, uvula

teeth

the lower front teeth are not very important in speech; the upper front teeth are more frequently used in English

tongue

divided into five parts: tip, blade, front, back (and root)

lips

can take various different positions

nasal cavity

khoang mũi

oral cavity

khoang miệng

trachea (windpipe)

khí quản

epiglottis

nắp thanh quản

glottis (thanh môn)

the space between the cords when they are open

oesophagus

thực quản

alveolar ridge

lợi

velum

ngạc mềm

uvula

lưỡi gà

active articulators

tongue, lower lip

passive articulators

teeth, the roof of the mouth, pharynx

syllable

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word (âm tiết)

consonant

a speech sound which is articulated with some kind of stricture, or closure, of the air stream

homorganic consonant

a consonant sound articulated in the same place of articulation as another

oral stop (plosive)

complete closure of two articulators with the velum raised

(velic closure)

nasal stop

complete closure of two articulators with the velum lowered ("velic opening")

fricative (spirant)

close approximation of two articulators; the air stream is partially obstructed so that a turbulent airflow is produced, resulting in a hissing or rubbing sound

affricate

a stop released into a homorganic fricative

approximation

one articulator approaches another but generally not to the extent that a turbulent air stream is produced (lateral, retroflex, glide)

lateral consonant

a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.

vowel (articulatory)

sounds articulated with no obstruction of the airstream, that is, with open articulation

cardinal vowels

a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in describing the sounds of languages

diphthong

a glide from one vowel to another, and the whole glide acts like one of the long simple vowels

phonology

the classification of the sounds within the system of a particular language or languages

phoneme

a distinctive or contrastive sound in a language (a class of sounds)

minimal pair

a set of different words consisting of all the same sounds except for one

allophone

the individual members of a class of sounds (a phoneme), or the pronounceable or concrete realizations of an abstraction (a phoneme)

ambisyllabicity

when a consonant stands between vowels and it is difficult to assign the consonant to one syllable or the other.

phonotactics

the constraints on positions and sequences of sounds in a language

morphology

hình thái học

syntax

the sequences of words which form the structure of sentences (cú pháp)

discourse

formal discussion; conversation

contrastive

tương phản

suprasegmental features

articulatory features which are superimposed over more than one segment

word stress

an extra force put on a particular syllable of the word

intonation

the patterns of pitch variation in a sentence

long falling

finality, conclusion, affirmation, agreement

short falling

attenuated or qualified conclusion

long rising

questioning and a lack of finality

short rising

some degree of reservation or a signal of attentiveness (continuation marker)

rising-falling

finality with added emotion

falling-rising

querulousness, skepticism, reservation

minimum syllable

a single vowel in isolation

long patterns

the change in pitch (whether up or down) is more gradual

short patterns

the change in pitch tends to be rather abrupt (typically over one or two words)

statement

long falling intonation pattern

command

long falling intonation when compliance is expected

yes/no question

long rising intonation pattern

echo question

rising or falling-rising intonation

wh-question

long falling intonation pattern

tag question

first - statement, second - question

alternative question

first or more - question, final - statement

list

short rising intonation patterns indicating that the discourse continues

complex sentence

short rising followed by the appropriate end intonation

question (doubt, surprise)

falling-rising intonation pattern

statement (great certainty)

rising-falling intonation pattern

discrepancy

sự khác nhau

arbitrary

tùy ý

lexeme

a group of word forms that are all related to the same root word

homonym

a single orthographic and phonological word standing for two lexemes (bear)

homograph

a single orthographic (but separate phonological words) standing for two lexemes (lead)

homophone

a single phonological word (but separate orthographical words) standing for two lexemes (/mit/)

morphosyntactic word

consists of a lexeme and associated grammatical meaning (took = take + past)

morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit in a language

function words

1. articles

2. auxiliaries

3. demonstratives

4. quantifiers

5. prepositions

6. pronouns

7. conjunctions

morph

the concrete realization of a morpheme, or the actual segment of a word as it is spoken or pronounced

enclitic

a kind of contraction, a bound form which derives from an independent word and must be attached to the preceding word

simple word

one free root (hand)

complex word

one free root + one bound morph (handy)

compound noun

two free roots (handbook)

compound-complex

two free roots + bound morphs (handwriting)

base

a root + associated derivational affixes, to which derivational affixes are added

stem

a root + associated derivational affixes, to which inflectional affix are added

pl

plural

poss

possessive

sg

singular

compr

comparative

supl

superlative

pos

positive

pres

present tense

past

past tense

prsprt

present participle

pstprt

past participle